• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.91-101
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• 1998

Two large communities of Vicex rotundifolia were discovered for the first time at the beach of Pyonsanbando National Park. The growth environment and morphological characters of the communities were examined and analyzed to provide some basal data which would be helpful to establish measures for protection and to utilize the communities rationally. The results are as follows; The habitats of Vitex rotundifolia are located at Chakeundang beach of Kyokpo-ri and Kosapo beach of Woonsan-ni, Pyonsan-myon in Pyonsanbando National Park. The total area of this two communities was measured to be 2,755m$^{2}$ and 523m$^{2}$ of it was damaged. Two varieties, 49 species, 43 genera and 28 families as trees and shrubs were collected from inside of and the vicinal areas of the communities. Koelreuteria paniculata and Rosa rugosa were discovered and collected in these areas for the first time to be documented with the communities of Vitex rotundifolia. The largest individual of Vitex rotundifolia within the polulations reaches or 3.5cm in diameter at root collar and 6m in length of the runner on aboveground. The individuals of Vitex rotundifolia within the communities show good growth condition which the mean leaf length was measured to be 4.5cm, the mean leaf width 3.3cm, the mean leaf area 11.8cm$^{2}$ and the mean flower length 10.0cm. Vitex rotundifolia has been mostly recorded to be an evergreen shrub. But the present study discovered that it is rather deciduous.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 1965

Powdery mildew of Ailanthus altissima Sw. was first reported by J.S. Park in Korea, 1961. According to his report, this disease was found on the leaves of this tree species collected in Jeongup, 1957, and in Taejon, 1958. He described morphological characters of this pathogen and described also that the causal fungus may be closely related with Phyllactinia corylea. This disease which appears dusty grayish yellow molds under surface of leaves was collected again by the author in Kwangju, 1962. The present works were undertaken to make clear the species of causal fungus by means of the morphology and pathogenecity. According to the following results, the pathogen was identified as Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst. Morphological characters of the fungus Mycelia persistent or more or less evanescent; matured conidia solitary, aseptate, short-clavate to clavate to clavate, hyaline or yellowish, granulate, $44.6-89.2{\times}9.3-24.2{\mu}$, average $64.8-17.8{\mu}$ in size; conidiophores elongate clavate or columnar, hyaline, 2-3 septate, $122.8-346.0{\times}3.7-7.4{\mu}$, average $208.8{\times}6.3{\mu}$; per-thecia usually scattered, rarely gregarious, dark brown to black, depressed globose to globose, $223.2-297.6{\mu}$, average $267.8{\mu}$ in diameter; appendages 12-19, usually 15 in number, hyaline, straight, needle-shaped, sharply pointed at the apex and bulbous at the base, aseptate, $93.0-310.0{\times}5.0-8.0{\mu}$, average $173.3{\times}6.4{\mu}$ in size; asci elongate ellipsoidal to broadly clavate, hyaline, more or less stalked, 8-13 in number, $68.5-76.6{\times}26.1-34.2{\mu}$, average $71.4{\times}29.0{\mu}$ in size; ascospores 2-4, usually 2 in number, hyaline or yellowish, aseptate, ellipsoidal or ovate, $27.7-34.2{\times}14.7-17.9{\mu}$, average $25.5{\times}13.9{\mu}$ in size. Pathogenicity of the fungi In order to make clear the species of the fungus and the pathogenic differences of Phyllactinia fungi which are collected around the contaminated area and seemed to be related to Ailanthus powdery mildew, some inoculation experiments were performed. 1. Cross inoculation to several tree species with their pathogen: Tested materials; Phyllactinia in question on Ailanthus altissima Sw. Ph. fraxini (DC.) Homma. On Alnus firma S. et Z. Ph. moricola (P. Henn.) Homma on morus alba L. According to the results of the experiments, the reactions were all negative with the exception of the original hosts of tested fungi. 2. Inoculation to Picrasma ailanthoides Planch. : The appearance of symptom on the leaves of P. ailanthoides is not distinct, but more or less mycelial growth. Therefore, under the optimal condition in glass chamber, it may be possible to success artificially.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.11-31
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• 1980

The morphological, anatomical and physiological traits were eximined for Populus alba ${\times}$ glandulosa which is an important planting species in Korea. The results obtained are as follows: 1. External characters in the leaf shape and chaff shape in the catkin were inherited as incomplete dominance but nectar gland was inherited as dominance. 2. Among the 15 selected clones, 9 clones were male, 2 clones female and 2 clones monoecious. 3. There were well-developed cork layers and bast fiber bundles in the bark. 4. Primordial leaves composed of 3 layers of cells and those undifferentiated into palisade and spongy parenchymas differed in its origin. 5. Leaf scare consisted of two kinds of tissues; one is connected to vascular bundle and the other not to vascular bundle. Tissues which had been connected to vascular bundle were isolated with only 2 or 3 layers of cork cells from the outside. 6. There was complicated arrangement in the vascular bundle of petioles. 7. Growth of the hybrid was sensitively influenced by external temperature, day-length and amount of light. In particular, it was apparent in height growth. 8. Flatness, loam soils and a $60{\times}60cm$ spacing might be best factors for the growth of P. alba ${\times}$ glandulosa. 9. The rooting of 15 clones was dependant upon external factors. 10. The growth of P. alba ${\times}$ glandulosa was best at around 80% of soil moisture content on the basis of plot water capacity. 11. Temperature difference between inside and outside stems below 100cm during the winter was the greatest at the south among seasons and among directions. 12. The sap movement was markedly influenced by air temperature, relative humidity in forest stand and moisture content in stem. 13. Total sugars in the cortex changed with season but did not differ in the dircetion of the stem. 14. Isoperoxidase variations in the leaf were different among 15 clones. Thus, it may be useful as a criterium for clonal identification. 15. The rate of soil moisture content decreased at a rapid slope was faster than that at a slow slope. Poor growth of P. alba ${\times}$ glandulosa at the slope was probably due to depletion of soil moisture.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.244-249
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• 2000

This study was conducted to obtain data for identification of species among elvers of anguillids, Anguilla japonica and A. anguilla and A. rostrata implanted in Korea for culture. The longer predorsal length and the fewer number of vertebrae distinguished elvers of A. rostracta from those of A. anguilla and A. japonica. A. japonica and A. anguilla were well discriminated each other in the statistical value of preanal length which the former showed shorter distance. It was remarked phylogenetically that the morphological changes according to growth in head and predorsal length of A. rostrata was different from other two species. So the elvers of A. japonica, A. anguilla and A. rostrata culturing in Korea can be distinguished by the vertebral counts, predorsal and preanal length.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.65-73
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• 1985

More than 1,000 chickens of Korean native Yeonsan Ogolgye (Natural Monument No. 256) were used in this study in order to investigate their various external characteristics. The aims of this study were to define the Ogolgye chicken as a breed, and to provide basal data necessary for the genetic improvement of this breed. The investigated items are as follows : color of feather and toe; presense or absence of shank feather; the number of toes: color of shank and comb; the growth rates of shank, comb and feathers in various feather tracts; and finally, the livability. Data and informations were presented in tabular form in table 1 through 12. In summary, the various external traits of the Korean native Ogolgye breed can be characterized as follows. It has normal feather than silkic one as in the western type, with black color per-dominant. The frquency of white feather color is very low. The color of toes is devided into two categories; black toes in black plumage lines, and white toes in white plumage lines. Both seres have single combs with black color. The shank is gray- black and featherless. The breed has normally four toes. The eye color is black.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.600-607
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• 1995

Orostachys japonicus, called Wasong and used as anti-tumor medicinal plant, was cultivated in plastic house. The experiment was done to clarify the effect of long-day and night-break treatment at the timing of bolting on its morphological characters, organ dry weight and flowering of florets. After grown in 15cm plastic boxes containing 2:1 soil:peat moss mixture for about 4 months, long-day of 16 hours and night-break of 2 hours around midnight were treated from Sept. 9. The plants were sampled 5 times at 2-week interval after the treatments. Long-day and night-break treatment delayed the growth of inflorescence and showed greater stem diameter on the last sampling and no. of leaves and bracts than the natural daylength. The treatments also had greater leaf and bract dry weight since 2 weeks, and the other fraction and total dry weights since 4 weeks but less floret dry weight from 4 to 6 weeks after the treatments than the natural daylength. The treatments, however, decreased no. of flowered florets and ratio of flowering plants although all the treatments showed nearly the same no. of total florets per plant until 6 weeks after the treatments, late October, which resulted in the modification of source to sink or vice versa. In the natural daylength, the florets were functioned as sink, while root, leaf and bract as source, but in the long-day and night-break treatments stem and florets were done as sink.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.33-45
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• 1978

The purpose of present study is to analyze the genetic variation of natural stand of Pinus densiflora. In 1975 following after the selection of 1974, twenty trees from each of three natural populations of the species were selected and their open-pollinated seeds were collected, and the locations and conditions of the populations ate presented in table 1, 2 and figure 1. Some morphological traits of the populations were already detailed in our second report of this series, in which Myong-Ju and Ul-Jin populations were regarded to be superior phenotypically to suweon population. The morphological traits of cone, seed and seed-wing, and also the growth performances and needle characters of the seedling were observed in the present study according to the previous methods. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The meteorological data obtained by averaging the records of 30 year period (1931~1960) measured from the nearest meteorological stations to each population are shown in fig.2, 3, 4. The distributional patterns of investigated climate factors are generally considered to be similar among the locations. However, the precipitation density during growing season and the air temperature during dormant season on Suweon area, population 6, were quite different from those of the other areas. 2. The measurements of fresh cone weight, length, diameter and cone index, i.e., length to diameter ratio are presented in table 7. As shown in table 7, all these traits except for cone diameter seem to be highly significant in population differences and family differences within population. 3. The morphological traits of seed and seed-wing are detailed in table 8, 9, and highly significant differences are recognized among the populations and the families within population in seed-wing length, seed-wing index, seed weight, seed-length and seed index but not among the populations in the other observed traits. The values of correlation coefficient between the characters of cone and seed are given in table 10 and the positive significant correlations can be observed in the most parts of the compared traits. 4. Significant statistical differences among populations and families within population are observed in the growth performances of 1-0 and 1-1 seedling height of these progenies. But the differences in root collar diameter are shown only among families within population. As shown in table 13, the most parts of correlations are not significant statistically between the growth performances of seedling and the seed characters. 5. The number of stomata row on both sides of needle and the serration density were measured in the seedlings from each of the families of the three populations. As shown in table 15, statistical differences are considered to be significant among the populations and among the families within population in serration density but not among the populations in stomata row on both sides of the needle. The results differ from those of the third report of this series. Even if one of the reason seems to be the diversity of selected populations, it could not be confirmed definitely. The correlations between progenies and parents are not generally observed in the investigated traits of needle as shown in table 16.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.43-53
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• 2024

This study attempted to elucidate the ecological niches and influencing environmental factors of Quercus variabilis and Quercus acutissima, which are representative deciduous broad-leaved trees in Korean forests, taxonomically close and genetically similar, under climate change conditions. Under climate change conditions induced by increased CO₂ and temperature, soil moisture and nutrient environments were manipulated in four gradients. At the end of the growing, plants were harvested to measure growth responses, calculate ecological niches, and compare them with those of the control. Eperimental plants were grown for 180 days in a glass greenhouse designed with four gradients each for soil moisture and nutrient environments under climate change conditions induced by increased CO₂ and temperature. After harvesting, growth responses of leaf traits were measured, ecological niches were calculated, and these were compared with those of the control groups. Furthermore, the responses of the two species' populations were interpreted using principal component analysis(PCA) based on leaf trait measurements. As a result, under climate change conditions, the ecological niche breadth for moisture environment was broader for Quercus variabilis than Quercus acutissima, whereas for the nutrient environment, Quercus acutissima exhibited a broader niche breadth than Quercus variabilis. And the rate of change in ecological niche breadth due to climate change decreased for Quercus variabilis in both moisture and nutrient environments, while for Quercus acutissima, it increased in the moisture environment but decreased in the nutrient environment. Additionally, in terms of group responses, both Quercus variabilis and Quercus acutissima expanded their ecological niches under climate change conditions in both soil moisture and nutrient conditions, with Quercus acutissima exhibiting a broader niche than Quercus variabilis under nutrient conditions. These results indicate that the changes in leaf morphological characteristics and the responses of individuals reflecting them vary not only under climate change conditions but also depending on environmental factors.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2005

This study was done to obtain their morphological traits to analyse genetic diversity and intraspecific relationship of 47 Polygonatum species collected from Gyeongnam province. Plant height was the highest in P. thunbergii but the shortest in P. involucratum. Growth habit and its colors were classified to 3 groups, respectively. Leaf shapes were sorted to 5 groups including lanceolate with petiole or none, petiole colors were done to 3 groups including a species having dark green leaves of purple colored margin. Flower shapes were divided as 3 groups of urceolate, tubular and gourd shapes, and its colors were white, greenish white and light green, especially light green in a species with gourd shape. Filament shapes were two types of flatness and cylinder. Peduncle color and bract attached below it showed 4 types, respectively. Fruit shapes were sorted to 3 groups. In 100-fruit weights P. ordoratum var. pluriflorum showed the greatest but P. involucratum did the least. Two species were completely resistant to leaf brightness although 7 species showed less than 7 % infection rates. Rhizome yields ranged from 4.4 g to 94.8 g per plant, showing their significant variation. In correlation analysis between 9 major characters, rhizome yield per plant was positively correlated with plant height, stalk diameter, leaf number, leaf length and width, and rhizome diameter but leaf brightness was negatively done with plant height, stalk diameter, leaf number and length, 100-seed weight, rhizome yield per plan and rhizome diameter.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.130-135
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• 2002

Species of Genus Trichoderma are commercially applied as biological control agents against fungal Pathogens. A powerful biocontrol agent, Trichoderma sp. SJG-99721 was isolated from 305 isolates by morphological characters, chitinase activities and antifungal activities against Phytophthora capsiei. The isolate was identified as Trichoderma harzianum from various features such as growth rate at $27^\circ{C}$, significant growth ratio of $27^\circ{C}$ to $17^\circ{C}$, amount of aerial mycelium, types of branching: system, and disposition patterns of phialide and phialospore. Trichoderma harzianum SJG-99721 have been shown to act as a powerful biological agent against fungal phytopathogens; Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora cryptogea, Phytophthora capsiei, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Mycoshaerella melonis, Alternaria sotani, Fusarium oxysporum, Collectotrichum gloesporioodes, Alternaria alternata, Phythium ultimum, Phytophthora drechsleri, Pyricularia grisea.