• 아동학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.33-47
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• 2002

This study examined the effects of conditions of generation(0, 1, or 2 cognitive operations) and task difficulty in children's recall. Subjects were 40 children in each age group, 8-year-olds and 10-year-olds. Each subject was shown 12 simple or difficult multiplication problems in one of the conditions of generation. After a buffer task, subjects were required to recall correct answers to the problems in random order. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and simple main effect analyses. Results showed that generation effect(GE) occurred among children younger than 12, and GE improved with age. Learning from cognitive operations was more effective than learning through simple repetition. Easier tasks led to greater GE, a phenomenon explained by procedures used in this study.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of various dietary methods. Dietary intake of 24 patients on regular diet was investigated by three methods. One method was a precise weighing method, the others were 24-hour dietary recall method and convenient dietary questionnaries. The results obtained are summarized as followes ; 1) There were no significant differences in mean nutrient intake of subjects among three dietary survey methods. 2) The validity coefficient between the precise weighing method and 24-hour recall method, ranging from 0.26(fat) to 0.59(carbohydrate) showed significant correlation for carbohydrate, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin and ascorbic and intakes. 3) The validity coefficient between precise weighting method and covenient dietary questionnaires, ranging from 0.14(fat) to 0.80(vitamin A), showed a significant correlation for most nutrients. 4) Female showed higher correlation between the precise weighing method and 24-hour recall method than male subjects for most nutrients. However, there was no significant sexual difference of correlation between weighing method and convenient method. 5) The correlation coefficient between the precise weighing method and the other two methods by age group showed younger sujbects have a higher significant correlation than older subjects for most nutrients.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.343-353
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• 2006

The two-way balanced one-level rotation design, $r_1^m-r_2^{m-1}$, and the three-way balanced multi-level rotation design, $r_1^m(\iota)-r_1^{m-1}$, were discussed (Park et al., 2001, 2003). Although these rotation designs enjoy balancing properties, they have a restriction of $r_2=c{\cdot}r_1$ (c should be a integer value) which interferes with applying these designs freely to various situations. To overcome this difficulty, we extend the $r_1^m(\iota)-r_1^{m-1}$ design to new one under the most general rotation system. The new multi-level rotation design also satisfies tree-way balancing which is done on interview time, rotation group and recall time. We present the rule and rotation algorithm which guarantee the three-way balancing. In particular, we specify the necessary condition for the extended three-way balanced multi-level rotation sampling design.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.1014-1024
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was to exam me the effects of auricular acupuncture on insomnia in Korean elderly. Method: The study design was a triangulation study. Subjects were 40 elderly who were 65 years and over in Seoul, and 10 subjects for a qualitive study who were saturated with interviews and observation. The first auricular acupuncture was applied for three days, and this was applied to subjects on a 5 times series. The quantative data was analyzed by SPSS PC+ and the qualitive data was analyzed by driving of core meaning and abstract concepts using a semi-structural interview and observation. Result: I. The experimental group had higher significant sleep scores than that of the control group (t=32.739, p=.001). 2. The experimental group had higher significant self- satisfaction scores on sleep than that of the control group (t=30.049, p=.001). 3. In the qualitive study, insomnia characteristics before application of auricular acupressure therapy were confirmed by physical dysfunction, recall of past, and psychological dysfunction. Insomnia characteristics after application of auricular acupressure therapy were confirmed by recovery of physical dysfunction, improving recall of past, and recovery of psychological dysfunction. Conclusion: Auricular acupuncture was effective on insomnia in Korean elderly.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.401-408
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to obtain the differential variable and learning effect of the serial position effect, targeting individuals aged 60 years and over. A total of 89 individuals were categorized into the following groups: Alzheimer's group, vascular dementia group, elderly depression group, and normal group. Methods: Considering the size of the groups used for comparison, of the total 89 participants, 28 were in the Alzheimer's group, 24 in the vascular dementia group, 16 in the elderly depression group, and 21 were randomly chosen for the normal group. In the CERAD-K word list memory test, 10 words were shown to the subjects. We then asked them to freely recall the words. After changing the order of the words three times, the same process was followed. Results: First, a significant difference was observed among the groups in terms of word recalling rate. The analysis conducted afterward showed that, as predicted, the depressed group showed significantly better performance in recalling the words. Second, the vascular dementia patients and the Alzheimer's patients showed, as predicted, better recall of the largest recency region of words shown. Third, the normal group and the elderly depressed group showed a high-performance rate, proving that the reiterative method can contribute to the recalling process. Thus, we demonstrated that the Alzheimer's group showed the deterioration of short memory recalling skills and the elderly depressed showed deteriorated output performance skill.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.568-579
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• 2001

This study was conducted to identify the characteristics of Korean diet in the view of food and food group intakes. The study subjects consisted of preschool children(PC), elementary school children(EC), high school students(HS), college students(CS), and adults over 30 years old living Seoul and the surrounding areas. The subjects over 30 years old were classified to 30-49 years, 50-69 years, and over 70 years. A dietary survey was conducted using 24-hour recall method and data were collected from 2392 subjects. Rice was a major contributor to many nutrients intake because of the amount of consumption. Vegetable oil made great contribution to fat intakes and eggs, squid, and anchovy supplied much cholesterol compared to other foods in all the age groups. Milk was major contributor of fat and cholesterol as well as calcium in younger age group, and seasoning gave much contribution to iron intakes. Mean dietary variety score(DVS) was 32 for EC group and 17 for subjects over 70 years, and tended to decrease along the increasing age. EC group consumed most variable number of foods of all groups but they consumed many junk foods, therefore the MAR value was low despite their high DVS value. Mean dietary diversity score(DDS) of each age group from PC group to subjects over 70 years was 4.34, 4.28, 3.79, 3.89, 3.76, 3.56, and 3.25, respectively. Food group, which was consumed below the minimum amount, was mainly fruits in all the age groups, and many subjects in HS group and over 30 years consumed dairy products below the minimum amount. From these results, age specific nutritional problems were found. PC group and subjects over 50 years seemed to need more diverse food intake than now, EC group did nutrient dense food, and HS group and subjects over 30 years did dairy products. Also, subjects took various nutrients from rice and seasoning contributed to some nutrients intakes. (Korean J Nutrition 34(5) : 568∼579, 2001)

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.5867-5870
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• 2013

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among Malaysian women with an ASR of 17.9 and a mortality rate of 5.6 per 100,000 population in 2008 (GLOBOCAN, 2008). The 5 year prevalence was estimated to be 14.5 per 100,000 population. As the second most common cancer affecting productive females, cervical cancer imposes an impact to the socioeconomic aspect of the country. However, the poor uptake of cervical cancer screening is a major problem in detecting early pre-cancerous lesions and thus, delay in initiating treatment for cervical cancer. Realizing the urgency to increase the uptake of PAP smear, besides enhancing the promotion of PAP smear screening for women above 35 years old, the call-recall system for pap smear screening had been piloted in one of the suburban districts which aimed to improve regular participation of women for cervical and breast cancer screening. This is of public health importance as identifying the best feasible option to increase patient's respond to participate in the screening program effectively in our setting will be helpful in implementing an organized regular population based screening program tailored to our setting. The pilot program of cervical cancer screening in Klang was an opportunity to assess different options in recalling patients for a repeat pap smear to increase their participation and adherence to the program. Methods and Results: This was a population based randomized control trial. Women aged 20-65 years in the population that matched the inclusion and exclusion criteria were re-called for a repeat smear. There are four different intervention groups; letter, registered letters, short messages services (SMS) and phone calls where 250 subjects were recruited into each group. Samples were generated randomly from the same population in Klang into four different groups. The first group received a recall letter for a repeat smear similar to the one that has been given during the first invitation. The intervention groups were either be given a registered letter, an SMS or a phone call to re-call them. The socio-demographic data of the patients who came for uptake were collected for further analysis. All the groups were followed up after 8 weeks to assess their compliance to the recall. Conclusions: The study will provide recommendations about the most effective methods for recall in a population based pap smear screening program on two outcomes: i) patients response; ii) uptake for repeat pap smear.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.716-725
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• 2003

In this study, the dietary behaviors, depression rates and nutrient intakes were assessed for elderly females living alone (ELA) and elderly females not living alone (ENLA). The subjects were 140 elderly females (living alone 70; not living alone 70) residing in Bucheon city. Dietary data were obtained using the 24-hr recall method. There were more subjects with low monthly incomes (less than 500,000 won) in the ELA group. The proportion of the ELA group which skipped at least one meal per day was 38.5% and the main reasons given were low appetite and depression. Fewer of the ELA group were observed to have smoking and drinking habits. However, the majority of the ELA smokers smoked more than 6 cigarettes per smoking. The drinking score of the ELA group was also higher than that of the ENLA group. The total score of depression for the ELA group was higher than that of the ENLA group. The total score of nutrition risk index (NRI) of the ELA group (8.09) was also higher than that of the ENLA group (2.31). The dietary assessment using the 24 hr-recall method showed that the ELA group had lower nutrients intakes, and significant differences were shown in the intakes of energy (1137 kcal vs 1275 kcal), animal protein, animal fat, carbohydrates, animal Ca, and animal Fe. There was a positive correlation between the NRI and the depression scores. However a higher NRI was associated with lower intakes for most of the nutrients in the ELA group.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.175-182
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• 2013

2단계 임플란트 수술법에 있어서 식립 후 골유착을 위한 치유과정 중 발생할 수 있는 덮개나사의 노출의 양상에 따른 조기 변연골 흡수 정도를 관찰하고자 하였다. 덮개나사의 노출을 보인 경우에서 선정 기준에 맞는 환자를 선택해 모집단으로 하여, 28명의 환자에서 덮개나사의 노출이 확인된 28개의 임플란트를 실험군으로 하고 노출되지 않은 나머지를 대조군으로 하였다. 총 64개의 임플란트 고정체($TiUnite^{TM}$, NobelBiocare, Sweden)가 식립되었으며 임플란트 식립 1개월 후 정기검사를 통해 덮개나사의 노출을 확인하였다. 노출의 정도에 따라 1군(대조군, 노출 없음), 2군(pin-point 노출), 3군(1/2이하의 노출), 4군(1/2 이상 노출), 5군(완전 노출)으로 하였고 2개월 정기 검진 시 치유지대주를 연결하였다. 식립 직후, 2개월 정기 검진시 치근단 방사선 촬영을 통해 변연골 흡수 변화량을 측정하고 비교하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 1. 덮개나사의 노출시 변연골 흡수가 관찰되었다. 2. 2군과 3군은 나머지 군에 비해 변연골 흡수 변화량이 유의하게 증가하였다(P <.05). 3. 4군과 5군은 1군에 비해 변연골 흡수 변화량이 유의하게 증가하였으나(P <.05), 그 정도는 2군과 3군에 비해 작았다(P <.05). 이상의 결과에서 임플란트 식립 후 치유과정 중 발생하는 덮개나사의 노출은 조기 변연골 흡수에 기여하므로 주기적인 검진을 통해 치유지대주를 연결하는 것이 임상적으로 적절하리라 사료된다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.3344-3352
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• 2015

본 연구는 외상성 뇌손상 환자를 대상으로 한국형 전산화 인지재활프로그램(CoTras)이 전두엽-집행기능에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 2013년 8월부터 2014년 3월까지 경남 창원에 위치하는 C병원에 내원한 외상성 뇌손상 환자 10명을 두 그룹으로 무작위 할당한 후 실험군에게 한국형 전산화 인지재활프로그램을, 대조군에는 자가인지훈련을 1일 1회, 주 5회, 4주 동안 적용하고 그룹 간 비교를 실시하였다. 이때 중재의 효과를 검증하기 위하여 한국판 몬트리올 인지평가(Korean Montreal Cognitive Assessment; K-MoCA), 시계 그리기 검사(Executive Clock Drawing Test; ECDT), 선로잇기 검사(Trail Making Test; TMT), Rey-도형 검사(Rey Complex Figure Test; RCFT)를 사용하였다. 그 결과, 실험군은 K-MoCA, TMT, RCFT-delayed recall에서 유의하게 향상된 반면(p<.05), 대조군은 모든 평가에서 유의한 변화가 없었다. 또한, K-MoCA, TMT, RCFT-delayed recall에서 실험군과 대조군의 변화량이 서로 유의한 차이가 있음을 확인하였다(p<.05). 본 연구는 한국형 전산화 인지재활프로그램이 외상성 뇌손상 환자의 전두엽-집행기능을 향상시키기 위해 국내 임상 환경에서 사용하기에 적절한 중재 도구임을 지지한다.