• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.90-96
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• 2010

Menopause increases the onset of hypertension and heart disease. Whereas it increases the blood LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride and total-cholesterol levels, the HDL-cholesterol concentration is reduced. Accordingly, we examined the effect of internal organs of Todarodes pacificus (IOT) on improvement in blood flow ability and changes in serum lipid content by using ovariectomized rats. For this study, the following four groups of 9-week-old Sprague-Dawley strain female rats were evaluated over 6 weeks: normal rats (SHAM), ovariectomized rats (CON) and ovariectomized rats that were treated with IOT extracts. Ovary removal promoted platelet aggregability. However, IOT administration in the CON group after ovary excision resulted in a hinderance of coherence. The blood vessel passing time of ovariectomized rats was slower than the SHAM group. But the blood flow ability, which was slowed down for ovary removal, was improved by IOT administration. Serum triglyceride levels were significantly reduced by IOT administration. Moreover, blood HDL-cholesterol levels were reduced by ovary removal. However, IOT administration after ovary excision significantly increase HDL-cholesterol levels. The biological activity of IOT could be confirmed from these results. Moreover, IOT can be used in the development of functional foods which are meant to improve blood circulation and anti-platelet aggregation function. According to these results, we could know that IOT improved blood flow and anti-platelet aggregation. Therefore, it is expected that IOT can be used for the development of functional foods.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 2004

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a kind of acute lung injury characterized by inflammatory disruption of alveolar-capillary barrier and notorious for its high mortality. Neutrophils cause cell damage through the production of free radicals, inflammatory mediators, and proteases in ARDS. $PLA_2$ might serve a primary regulatory role in the activation of neutrophils. This present study was performed to elucidate the effect of rutin known as $PLA_2$ inhibitor on ARDS induced by endotoxin. Endotoxin had increased lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) protein content, numbers of neutrophils in BALF (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) compared with those of control rat (p<0.001). In addition, histological evidence of lung injury was correlated with neutrophil influx into alveolar space and cerrous perhydroxide granules were found in lining of endothelial cell, alveolar type I, II cells. In contrast, pretreated group of rutin had significantly decreased all of the parameters (p<0.001). These data suggest that inhibition of $PLA_2$ is one step approach that block the process of ARDS. Accordingly, we conclude that rutin can be used as the prophylactic agent for ARDS on the bases of these experimental results.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.93-104
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• 2010

In this study, we investigated the effects of frankincense essential oil (BSEO) on the immune cell change in the lung, BALF and PBMC using a mouse model of asthma. BALB/c mice after intraperitoneal OVA sensitization (day 1) were challenged intratracheally with OVA on day 14. Then, the asthma was induced by repeated OVA inhalation challenged. The asthma induced mice group inhaled 0.3% BSEO for 30 minutes per trial, three times a week, for 8 weeks using the nebulizer. After 12 weeks from the experiment, the mice was killed and the lung, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) were obtained. Next, the change of immune cells inside the separated tissues was observed to identity the effects of BSEO on the allergic asthma mice. In conclusion, the hypersensitive reaction of airway to the bronchoconstrictor in the allergic asthma induced mice was effectively suppressed in Frankincense group, in Bermagot, Eucalyptus, Chamomile, Marjoram and Frankincense groups, the natural aromatic essential oil groups. Furthermore, it was also confirmed that the weight of lung, total number of alveolus cells and the number of BALF, MNL and DLN increased after inducing allergic asthma were reduced. BSEO suppressed the percentage of $CD3e^+/CD19^-$, $B220^+/CD23^+$ and $CD11b^+/Gr-1^+$ cells in the lung tissue of allergic asthma mice. Moreover, BSEO also reduced the percentage of $CD4^+/CD8^-$, $B220^+/CD23^+$ and $CD3^+/CCR3^+$ cells in BALF. In addition, the percentage of $CD3e^+/CD19^-$, $CD3^+/CD69^+$ and $B220^+/CD23^+$ cells in PBMC was reduced. The results of this study indicate that BSEO would be effective to treat allergic asthma by the immune control suppressing the activity of immune cells in each tissue.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.306-314
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between vegetarian diet and the risk factors of cardiovascular disease. The subjects of the study were 127 Buddhist nuns (age: 23 ~79 yr) for vegetarians and 235 healthy female adults (age: 23 ~79 yr) for non-vegetarians. This study covers food consumption survey, anthropometric measurement, amount of energy expenditure, physical activity and clinical examination. Average body mass index (BMI) of vegetarians and non-vegetarians were 22.47 and 21.08, waist/hip ratio (WHR) was 0.85 and 0.84, percentage of body fat (%BF) was 28.79 and 26.55, respectively. Average duration of vegetarian diet of the vegetarians was 13.16 years. The triglyceride levee of the vegetarians was significantly lower for those who take nutrient tablet compared to those who either take vitamins or who do not take any nutrient supplement. Taking vitamins or nutrient tablet did not give any significant difference in total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol for vegetarians, while significantly high triglyceride was observed for the non-vegetarians taking nutrient tablet than the ether non-vegetarians. Taking vitamins or nutrient tablet did not affect the lever of HDL-cholesterol for either vegetarians or non-vegetarians. Athrogenic index (AI) was lower for the vegetarian group tailing nutrient tablet and for the non-vegetarian group not taking vitamins and nutrient tablet, than the other respective groups. Blood sugar of the vegetarians who take nutrient tablet was significantly lower than those tailing vitamins, while blood sugar of the non-vegetarians not taking any nutrient supplement was significantly lower than those taking nutrient tablet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.1271-1278
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• 2007

In this study, the ability of Styela clava or Styela plicata to reduce ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity and hepatic and leucocytic DNA damages was evaluated. Twenty four male SD rats were given 25% ethanol containing water (ad lib, p.o.) and divided into 3 groups; ethanol treated control group (EtOH), ethano1+3% S. clava (EtOH+SC), and ethano1+3% S. plicata (EtOH+SP). After 6 weeks, the supplementation of S. clava reduced the plasma ALT, ALP and LDH activities significantly (p<0.05), while S. plicata induced significant decrease in the plasma LDH activity only. The comet assay was employed to quantify the alcohol-induced DNA damage in rat hepatocytes and leucocytes. A significant protective effect on hepatic and leucocytic DNA damages was observed in S. clava or S. plicata supplemented groups compared to the EtOH control group. The hepatic DNA damage was correlated positively with plasma ALP and LDH activities. These results demonstrated that S. clava or S. plicata supplementation protected alcohol-induced hepatic and leucocytic DNA damage.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.80-99
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• 1996

Young black men(YBM) have the most severs levels of high blood pressure(HBP) and, in all reports but one, the lowest of HBP control of any age /sex /race group. To increase entry into care, remaining in care, and BP control for young(18-49 years) Black men, It is needed to review socio-demographic, medical characteristics, and behaviors(importance of and difficulty with HBP control behaviors, or worry about mdication) for experimental intervention study(educational- behavior strategies) of hypertensive urban young black men. The 204 participants had an average age of 38.8+7.0 years and an average educational level of $11.0{\pm}2.4$ years; only 23.1% were employed full- or part-time while 26% were on disability ; and 6% were married. Only 35.3% had an MD for HBP care and 37.3% had some form of health insurance. The average BP of those men currently being in care on medication(35.3%) was $148.2/95.1{\pm}19.5/11.3$ compared to those men not taking HBP care $153.7/99.1{\pm}14.0/9.8(p<.05)$. The average creatinine level was 1.3(excluding 3 marked elevations of 15.9, 9.6, and 7.7) for the 163 men consenting to have their blood drawn. Self-reported co-morbidity induded heart disease 7.8%, diabetes 8.9%, high cholesterol 18.2%, CVA 3.4%, alcohol and drug related problems 27.9% and 22.5% respectively. The kidney disease of those men currently being in care & on medication was 9.7 compared to those men not taking HBP care 0.8(p<.05). The problems of with sex life, physicl activity and dearly thinking of those men currently being in care & on medication was higher compared to those men not taking HBP care(p<.05). Questions of 'during the past month, on how many days did you have 5 or more drinks (bottles) of any alcoholic beverag?' and smoking of those men currently being in care & on medication was 18.1% and 72.2% compared to those men not taking HBP care 27.3 and 82.6%, respectively. HBP control behaviors was assessed with 1-5 point Likert subscales(5=extreme, 1-none at all), In general, th men reportd low levels of perceived psychological barrier to HBP care and control behaviors; importance of and difficulty with HBP control behaviors, or worry about mdication. For example, on a five point scale(1=none at all, 5=extreme), average ratings for perceived important and difficulty with BP care and behaviors were 2.8(SD=1.2) and 2.5(SD=1.1). Average ratings for perceived benefit with BP care and behaviors worry about medication of those men currently being in care on medication was 4.0(SD=0.9) and 2.2(SD=1.1) compared to those men not taking HBP care 3.6(SD=0.8), 2.8 (SD=1.6) respectively(p<.05). These data support the need for educational-behavioral strategies of community health nurse to improve high blood pressure control in this high risk group through perceived barriers to treatment, health care skills and use of resources, and social support.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.1166-1173
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• 2014

This study investigated the detoxification effects of enzymatic hydrolysate from oyster on acetaminophen-induced toxicity using HepG-2 cells. Oyster hydrolysate was made with 1% Protamex and 1% Neutrase after treatment with transglutaminase (TGPN) or without (PN). Two types of oyster hydrolysate were added to human-derived HepG-2 hepatocytes damaged by acetaminophen, after which the survival rate of HepG-2 cell was measured. In addition, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activities in the culture media were evaluated. The survival rates of HepG-2 cells were $136.2{\pm}1.4%$ at $100{\mu}g/mL$ of TGPN and $179.6{\pm}3.8%$ at $200{\mu}g/mL$ of TGPN. These cell survival rates were higher compared to that of the negative control group ($60.7{\pm}3.2%$) treated only with acetaminophen. GOT activity was $38.3{\pm}0.2$ Karmen/mL in the negative control group, whereas it was $19.9{\pm}0.5$ for TGPN ($200{\mu}g/mL$) and $22.0{\pm}2.4$ Karmen/mL for PN ($200{\mu}g/mL$). GOT and GTP activities were shown to be dependent on TGPN concentration, and significant reduction in activities could be conformed. The detoxification efficacy of TGPN was higher compared to that of PN. These results suggest that oyster hydrolysate has potential as a healthy food or pro-drug for liver protection.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.10
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• pp.1164-1170
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• 2017

Protaetia brevitarsis larvae (PBL) has recently been registered as a temporary food in Korea, and this study evaluated the application potential of PBL proteins as health functional food materials. Protein hydrolysates were prepared from PBL powder by enzymatic hydrolysis using five different proteases (alcalase, bromelain, flavourzyme, neutrase, and papain), and based on the results from the peptide content and SDS-PAGE analyses, PBL treated with alcalase or flavourzyme showed a high degree of hydrolysis (HD) value, whereas the HD value of those treated with neutrase, bromelain, or papain was minimal. The protein hydrolysates showing a high HD value were separated further into the fractions of >3 kDa and <3 kDa by a centrifugal filter system and then lyophilized, and according to the $RC_{50}$ values of the protein hydrolysates (<3 kDa) obtained from three different antioxidant analyses; the alcalase hydrolysates showed the highest antioxidant activity. Therefore, the alcalase hydrolysates were tested further for their inhibitory effects on the peroxidation of linoleic acid by measuring the thiobarbituric acid values. The results showed that the peroxidation of untreated linoleic acid increased dramatically during 6 days of incubation, but a pretreatment with the hydrolysates ($100{\sim}800{\mu}g/mL$) significantly inhibited the linoleic acid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner for 6 days. Our current studies are focused on the identification of active peptide sequences from alcalase hydrolysates.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.471-483
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to explore how students' epistemological framing and positional framing affect the role of wonderment questions related to the activation of conceptual resources and to investigate what contexts affect students' framings during scientific model construction. Four students were selected as focus group and they participated in collaborative scientific model construction of mechanisms relating to urination. According to the results, one student whose framings were "understanding phenomena" and "facilitator" asked wonderment questions, but the others whose framings were "classroom game" and "non-respondent" were not able to activate their conceptual resources. However, they were able to activate their conceptual resources when they shared the epistemological framing of "understanding phenomena" and shifted between the positional framings of "facilitator" and "respondent." Although they were able to activate their conceptual resources, these activated resources were not able to contribute to their model when they shifted to the framings of "classroom game" and "receiver." In contrast, when students constantly shared an "understanding phenomena" framing and dynamically shifted between the framings of "facilitator" and "respondent," they were able to activate various conceptual resources and develop their group model. The students' framings were affected by the contexts. These included: when students were confronted with cognitive difficulties and were not provided proper scaffolding; when the teacher played the role of answer provider and guided the activity with correctness; when there were several possible explanatory models that students could choose from; and when the teacher played the role of thought facilitator. This study contributes to supporting teaching and learning environments for productive scientific model construction.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.44-54
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• 2016

This study compared the physicochemical characteristics, proximate composition, taste compounds, and antioxidant properties of Sikhye prepared with mulberry fruit concentrate. Analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of Sikhye added with mulberry indicated that sugar content and titratable acidity increased significantly with increasing mulberry concentration, whereas pH decreased significantly. The whiteness index (L) was 36.77~51.40, which significantly decreased with increasing mulberry concentrate. The redness index (a) was -0.90~1.97 and highest in Sikhye sample containing 4% mulberry concentrate. The yellow index (b) was 0.03~1.90 and highest in Sikhye sample containing 1% mulberry concentrate. Analysis of the antioxidant properties of Sikhye added with mulberry indicated that total polyphenol content and flavonoid content increased significantly as the amount of mulberry concentrate increased above 1%. Total anthocyanin color also increased significantly with increasing mulberry concentrate. The mulberry Sikhye sample containing 8% extract showed the strongest antioxidant properties based on DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and FRAP assay. Evaluation of the sensory properties of Sikhye added with mulberry revealed that the most preferred flavor, color, and taste were observed in Sikhye samples containing 2%, 4%, and 8% extract, respectively. However, the highest overall preference was observed in Sikhye sample containing 2% extract, indicating that 2% concentration was most suitable for Sikhye and that flavor and aftertaste were more critical than taste. Analysis of the storage characteristics of Sikhye added with mulberry indicated that total bacteria count increased across all samples with increased storage period. However, total bacteria count in the added mulberry concentration group decreased in comparison to the control group as the amount of added mulberry increased.