• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.251-260
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• 2001

The purpose of this article was to compare the fluoridation effect via individual tray with other professional methods. In oder to compare the fluoridation effect, 40 extracted human teeth was divided into 4 groups(each group was composed of 10 teeth) and the surface hardness of each group was tested in untreated, after fluoridation, after fluoridation and etching by 10% lactic acids. group I: no fluoridation(control) group II : fluoridation with 123%APF group III : fluoridation by iontophoresis with 2% NaF group IV : fluoridation by individual tray with 4% SnF2 gel Surface hardness was measured with Micro hardness tester(Shimadzu Co. Japan), Data analysis was conducted using the repeated measures ANOVA test. The results were as follows: 1. Four tested groups demonstrated nearly the same SMH in extracted state. 2. The SMH after fluoridation showed $330.57{\pm}139.09kg/mm^2$ in group IV, $221.79{\pm}187.48kg/mm^2$ in group II, $186.43{\pm}53.13kg/mm^2$ in group III. So the SMH of group IV, II were was significantly increased(p<0.01). 3. The SMH of group II, III, IV after acid etching was higher than the control group(p<0.01). 4. The SMH between group II, III, and IV after acid etching was not different significantly.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.689-696
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• 2003

Canine sarcoptic mite (Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis) burrow usually in the stratum corneum of the skin of dogs and rabbits. Antigens from the burrowing mites induce cutaneous inflammatory reaction and humoral and cell-mediated immune response in the host. The effect of immunization induced by somatic antigens of house dust mite (Dermatophagoides spp.) has been evaluated to control the canine sarcoptic mite in this experiment. Twelve common antigens (187, 142, 126, 120, 109, 92, 80, 68, 51, 30, 25, 17 kDa) were found using SDS-PAGE with silver staining and Western blot between canine sarcoptic mite and house dust mite. In order to evaluate the immunologic effect of these common antigens 10 New Zealand white rabbits were divided as 4 groups such as negative control (group I), positive challenged control (group II), vaccinated (group III), and vaccinated-challenged (group IV) groups. Group II was artificially infested with about 1,000 canine sarcoptic mites and group III and IV were immunized with somatic antigens of house dust mite. In addition group IV was artificially infested with about 1,000 canine sarcoptic mites and group II, IV were treated with ivermectin. At the 8 weeks of the vaccination with common antigen, the antibody titers of all groups of II, III and IV had been increased. Both infestation score and live canine sarcoptic mite counts of group IV were lower than group III. Infestation score of group II become 0 by 2 weeks and group IV by 4 weeks after infestation. These results suggest that house dust mite, which is easy to culture in vitro, can be a vaccine candidate for protection of canine sarcoptic mite infestation.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.19-30
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• 2008

Purpose : This study was performed for find out temporal spatial parameter of the gait according to age. Method : Four groups of healthy people were allocated randomly in this study : group I(little child, 15), group II(child, 18) and group III(young people, 17), group(elder people, 16). This study was performed from 01 December to 31 December in 2007. Results : The results were as follows : 1. The swing phase was the longest group II, group IV was the shortest. Each groups, there was significant difference in swing phase(p<.05). 2. The stance phase was the longest group IV, group II was the shortest. Each groups, there was significant difference in stance phase(p<.05). 3. The single support time was the longest group II, group IV was the shortest. Each groups, there was significant difference in single support time(p<.05). 4. The double support time was the longest group IV, group II was the shortest. Each groups, there was significant difference in double support time(p<.05). 5. The gait velocity was the fastest group II, group I was the slowest. Each groups, there was significant difference in gait velocity(p<.05). 6. The toe in/out was very increased group IV, group I was very decreased. Each groups, there was significant difference in toe in/out(p<.05). 7. The cadence was the highest group I, group IV was the lowest. Each groups, there was significant difference in cadence(p<.05). 8. The step length was the longest group III, group I was the shortest. Each groups, there was significant difference in step length(p<.05). 9. The step length asymmetry ratio was the highest group IV, group III was the lowest. Each groups, there was no significant difference in step length asymmetry ratio(p>.05). 10. The single support time asymmetry ratio was the highest group I, group IV was the lowest. Each groups, there was no significant difference in single support time asymmetry ratio (p>.05). 11. The FAP was the highest group III, group I was the lowest. Each groups, there was significant difference in FAP(p<.05).

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.845-854
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• 1998

Background: S-2-(3 aminoprophlamino) ethylphosphorothioic acid(WR-2721) is one of the radical scavenging thiols. We tested its protective effects in the reperfused heart. Material and Method: The experimental setup was the constant pressure Langendorffs perfusion system. We investigated the radical scavenging properties of this compound in isolated rat hearts which were exposed to 20 minutes ischemia and 20 minutes reperfusion. Four experimental groups were used:group I, control, Amifostine 50 mg(1 mL) peritoneal injection 30 minutes before ischemia(group II), Amifostine 10 mg(0.2 mL) injection during ischemia through coronary artery(group III),and Amifostine 50 mg(1 mL) peritoneal injection 2 hrs before ischemia(group IV). The experimental parameters were the levels of latate, CK-MB, and adenosine deaminase(ADA) in frozen myocardium, the quantity of coronary flow,and left ventricular developed pressure, and it's dp/dt. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measured analysis of variance and student t-test. Result: The coronary flow of group II and IV were less than group I and III at equilibrium state but recovery of coronary flow at reperfusion state of group II, III, and IV were more increased compared with group I. The change of systolic left ventricular devoloping pressure of group II and IV were less than control group at equilibrium state, which seemed to be the influence of the pharmacological hypotensive effect of amifostine. But it was higher compared with group I at reperfusion state. The lactic acid contents of group II were less than control group in frozen myocardium.(Group I was 0.20 0.29 mM/g vs Group II, which was 0.10 0.11 mM/g). The quantity of CK-MB in myocardial tissue was highest in group IV (P=0.026 I: 120.0 97.8 U/L vs IV: 242.2 79.15 U/L). The adenosine deaminase contents in the coronary flow and frozen myocardium were not significantly different among each group. Conclusion: Amifostine seemed to have significant cardioprotective effect during ischemia and reperfusion injuries of myocardium.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.135-142
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of structured nursing intervention for caregivers on maintenance of intravenous (IV) infusions in infants. Methods: The structured nursing intervention was developed through the processes of interviews with nurses from pediatric wards. To identify the effects of the developed nursing intervention, a non-synchronized non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design study was conducted with caregivers from the pediatric ward from a hospital in Seoul. Of 100 admitted infants, 50 caregivers were assigned to the intervention group and received the structured nursing intervention for maintenance of intravenous infusions in infants. The others were assigned control group and received routine care. Data were collected on patient factors, IV insertion factors, treatments, and IV related complications. The form developed for the structured nursing intervention was used by staff nurses. Results: Compared to the control group, IV insertion frequency in experimental group infants was significantly lower and IV related complications decreased (p<.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that the structured nursing intervention for caregivers on maintenance of intravenous infusions may have effects on maintenance of intravenous infusions in infants, and decreasing IV related complications. This nursing intervention can be used to improve IV related problems of admitted infants.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.178-184
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• 2018

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the concordance of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV and DSM-5) diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 170 subjects (age range: 3-23, 140 boys) with developmental delay or social deficit from January 2011 to July 2016 at the Department of Psychiatry of Asan Medical Center. The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), and intelligence tests were performed for each subject. Diagnosis was reviewed and confirmed for each subject with DSM-IV Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) and DSM-5 ASD criteria, respectively. Results: Fifty-eight of 145 subjects (34.1%) who were previously diagnosed as having PDD in DSM-IV did not meet DSM-5 ASD criteria. Among them, 28 (48.3%) had Asperger's disorder based on DSM-IV. Most algorithm scores on ADOS and all algorithm scores on ADI-R were highest in subjects who met both DSM-IV PDD criteria and DSM-5 ASD criteria (the Convergent group), followed by subjects with a DSM-IV PDD diagnosis who did not have a DSM-5 ASD diagnosis (the Divergent group), and subjects who did not meet either DSM-IV PDD or DSM-5 ASD criteria (the non-PDD group). Intelligence quotient was lower in the Convergent group than in the Divergent group. Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that ASD prevalence estimates could be lower under DSM-5 than DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Further prospective study on the impact of new DSM-5 ASD diagnoses in Koreans with ASD is needed.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.146-153
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• 2011

Background: Morphine has been commonly used for postoperative pain control. We measured plasma concentrations of morphine and compared the efficacy and safety of continuous epidural analgesia (CEA) using morphinebupivacaine with intravenous patient controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) with morphine for 48 hrs after the end of the operation. Methods: Nineteen patients undergoing Mile's operation were assigned to receive a morphine loading dose of 5 mg followed by IV-PCA with 0.1% morphine (IV-PCA group, n = 9) or a morphine loading dose of 2 mg and 0.125% bupivacaine 10 ml, followed by CEA with 0.004% morphine and 0.075% bupivacaine at a rate of 5 ml/hr (CEA group, n = 10). The plasma concentrations of morphine were measured and visual analog scales (VAS) for pain were recorded at 1, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr postoperatively and the effects on respiration and any other side effects were noted. Results: The mean maximal and minimal levels of plasma morphine were $40.2{\pm}21.2\;ng/ml$ and $23.4{\pm}9.7\;ng/ml$ for the IV-PCA group and $11.8{\pm}3.5\;ng/ml$ and $8.2{\pm}1.9\;ng/ml$ for the CEA group, respectively. Resting and dynamic pain scores were significantly lower in the CEA group than in the IV-PCA group. There were no significant differences for the effects on respiration and for any side effects between the two groups. Conclusions: We evaluated plasma concentrations of morphine with CEA using morphine-bupivacaine and IV-PCA using morphine for the postoperative pain control. The CEA group had better postoperative analgesia than that of the IV-PCA group and the incidence of side effects were not significantly different between the two groups.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.613-622
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of fluoride varnish on prevention of enamel demineralization. Eighty bovine enamel blocks were divided randomly into 4 groups of 20 specimens: Group I served as the control with no topical application of fluoride. Group II was treated with APF gel for 4 minutes. Group III was treated with Fluor $Protector^{(R)}$. Group IVV was treated with $CavityShield^{TM}$. After 24 hours of treatment, samples were brushed with a soft bristled tooth brush to stimulate normal mechanical wear of varnish. Early caries lesions were produced by placing each specimen into demineralization solution at pH 4.0 for 48 hours. Then the optical density of the lesions was measured by light fluorescence induced by plasma light and the surface microhardness were measured by the vicker's hardness test. The results were as follows: 1. The optical densities of group III, IV were significantly higher than that of group II, but no significant difference was noted between group III and IV. 2. The surface microhardness of group IV was the highest, followed by group III, II, and I(p<0.05). 3. There were no significant differences between group III and IV in optical density. However, the surface microhardness of group IV was significantly higher than that of group III. The results of present study indicate that the fluoride varnish is more effective than APF gel for prevention of dental caries.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.419-426
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• 1994

Acepromazine maleate(sedaject) was injected to 3 and 5 thoroughbred racehorses at 0.2mg/kg/bw, intramurculary(IM) and 0.1mg/kg/bw, intravenously(IV) respectively, and investigated the changes of clinical signs and blood pictures In before and after injection. Sedation was induced within 15 minutes after injection at the two groups and general sedation with towering of the upper eyelids and penile protrusion lasted about 7~9 hours and 9~11 hours at IV group and IM group following injection respectively. Heart beat and respiratory rates were induced within 15 minutes and then slowly returned to preinjection levels at 3 and 7 hours in the two group following injection respectively. Body temperature was decreased within IS minutes and the effect was Peaked after 30 minutes and 3 hours in IV group and IM group respectively, and then slowly returned to preinjection levels. RBC parameters, Hb and PCV were decreased about 30% at 1~5 hours and then returned to preinjection values at 13~24 hours in two groups Total WBC number were decreased slightly within 30 minutes and then returned to preinjection level at 13~24 hours in IV group but being still decreased 24 hours after dosing in IM group serum glucose level, SGOT and ALP activity were not changed significantly. Generally the set of sedation and awakening signs were faster in IV group than in IM group and RBC parameters and total WBC were depressed markedly in IM group than in IV group.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.534-541
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the effect of an observation window (OW) at peripheral intravenous (IV) catheter sites on early detection of IV infiltration among hospitalized children. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study with history control group design. Participants were children who had IV infiltration after peripheral catheterization when hospitalized from January to May, 2014 and January to May, 2015 at a children's hospital located in Yangsan city, Korea. The 193 patients, who were hospitalized from January to May, 2014 formed the control group and did not have OW, and the 167 patients, who were hospitalized from January to May, 2015 formed the window group and had OW. Data were analyzed using ${\chi}^2$-test, independent samples t-test and multiple logistic regression. Results: First stage IV infiltration was 39.5% for the window group and 25.9% for the control group, which was significantly different (p=.007). The likelihood of $2^{nd}$ stage and above IV infiltration decreased by 44% in the window group, which was significantly different (p=.014). Conclusion: OW at the peripheral IV catheter site was found to be an effective measure in early recognition of IV infiltration. Considering the effect of OW, we recommend that nurses should make an OW with transparent dressing during stabilization of the IV catheter site in hospitalized children in clinical settings.