• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.347-355
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• 2011

Effects of forest thinning on community level properties have not been understood yet in Korea. We investigated regeneration patterns and trajectories after a disturbance by applying a chronosequence approach. Light availability, litter and woody debris cover, and species composition were determined for twenty 50 m line-transect samples representing a disturbance duration gradient (within 11 years). Environmental factors such as light availability and coverage of woody debris and litter changed abruptly after thinning and then returned to the pre-disturbance state. Although species richness was gained at shrub and ground layer in a limited way in both forests, cover of various functional types revealed diversity in their responses. Notably, Alnus firma stands exhibited a larger increment of cover in woody plants. Ordination analysis revealed different regeneration trajectories between natural and planted stands. Based on ordination analysis, rehabilitated stands showed movement to alternative states compared with natural ones, reflecting lower resilience to perturbation (i.e., lower stability). Our results suggest that community resilience to artificial thinning depends on properties of the dominant species. But to get more explanatory ecological information, longer-term static observations are required.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.904-911
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• 2001

High-density lead zirconate titanate(Pb(Zr$\_$0.53/Ti$\_$0.47/)O$_3$, PZT) ceramics were fabricated by a new milling-precipitation(MP) process improved from the conventional solid state process. This process was progressed by a milling impregnation through mixing ZrO$_2$ and TiO$_2$ powders with lead nitrate(Pb(NO$_3$)$_2$) water solution in zirconia ball media, and then milling precipitation was induced from precipitation of PbC$_2$O$_4$ by adding ammonium of oxalate monohydrate((NH$_4$)$_2$C$_2$O$_4$$.$H$_2$O) as a precipitant. As a result of this process, single-phase perovskite structure was formed at the calcination temperature of 750$\^{C}$ for Pb(Zr$\_$0.53/Ti$\_$0.47/)O$_3$ powders. In addition, the highest density at the sintering temperature of 1100$\^{C}$ was obtained, because of the highly sinterable PZT Powders ground through the re-milling process. Piezoelectric and dielectric properties of sintered sample were improved by MP process.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-23
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• 2016

Steel plate shear walls (SPSWs) have been shown to be efficient lateral force-resisting systems, which are increasingly used in new and retrofit construction. These structural systems are designed with either stiffened and stocky or unstiffened and slender web plates based on disparate structural and economical considerations. Based on some limited reported studies, on the other hand, employment of low yield point (LYP) steel infill plates with extremely low yield strength, and high ductility as well as elongation properties is found to facilitate the design and improve the structural behavior and seismic performance of the SPSW systems. On this basis, this paper reports system-level investigations on the seismic response assessment of multi-story SPSW frames under the action of earthquake ground motions. The effectiveness of the strip model in representing the behaviors of SPSWs with different buckling and yielding properties is primarily verified. Subsequently, the structural and seismic performances of several code-designed and retrofitted SPSW frames with conventional and LYP steel infill plates are investigated through detailed modal and nonlinear time-history analyses. Evaluation of various seismic response parameters including drift, acceleration, base shear and moment, column axial load, and web-plate ductility demands, demonstrates the capabilities of SPSW systems in improving the seismic performance of structures and reveals various advantages of use of LYP steel material in seismic design and retrofit of SPSW systems, in particular, application of LYP steel infill plates of double thickness in seismic retrofit of conventional steel and code-designed SPSW frames.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1982

밀도(密度)가 다른 동일시료토(同-試料土)에 시멘트계(系), 물유리계(系) 및 아크릴아미드계(系) 등의 약액(藥液)을 침투주입(浸透注入)시켜 고결토(固結土)에 대한 토질성상변화(土賢性狀變化)를 구명(究明)한 것이다. 더욱, 매우 잘 다져진 지반(地盤) 그리고 유수중(流水中)에서의 주입효과(注入効果)를 검토(檢討)하기 위하여 1액(液) 1계류식(系流式)과 2액(液) 1계류식(系流式)의 특수주입장치(特殊注入裝置)를 설계제작(設計製作)하여 침투주입(浸透注入)을 시도(試圖)하였다. 고결토(固結土)의 전단강도(剪斷强度) 및 차수효과(遮水効果)의 증대(增大)는 주로 점착력(粘着力)에 의한 것으로서 느슨한 상태의 경우는 박막점착력(薄膜粘着力)에 의해서, 조밀한 경우는 구조성점착력(構造性粘着力)에 의해서 증대(增大)된다. 유수중(流水中)에서의 주입효과(注入効果)는 매우 저하(低下)하여 유속(流速) 및 gel time의 변화(變化)에 따라 45~80%의 유효고결률(有効固結率)이 얻어졌으며, 더욱 주입재(注入材)의 입도(粒度)는 침투성(浸透性) 및 이동거리(移動距離)에는 크게 영향(影響)을 미치나 유효고결률(有効固結率)에는 별다른 영향(影響)이 없다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 관입저항분포도(貫入低抗分布圖)와 등강도곡선(等强度曲線)에 의해 다짐정도(程度)가 매우 큰 지반(地盤)에 대한 고결범위(固結範圍), 고결강도(固結强度) 및 약액침투상황(藥液浸透狀況) 등의 주입효과(注入効果)를 합리적(合理的)으로 판정(判定)할 수 있었다.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2020

고로슬래그 미분말은 뛰어난 장기 강도와 염해 저항성 등을 바탕으로 활발히 사용되는 혼화재들 중 하나이다. 국내 규격(KSF 2563)은 저분말도 GGBFS를 가지고 있는 일본 및 영국의 규격과는 다르게 3종의 GGBFS가 모두 고분말도에 포함된다. 본 연구에서는 4,000급 고로슬래그 미분말와 플라이애시를 혼입한 수화열 저감용 삼성분계 배합과 3,000급 GGBFS를 혼입한 배합의 굳지 않은 콘크리트 특성, 압축 강도, 수축 특성을 분석하였다. 수화열 저감용 삼성분계 배합과 저분말도 고로슬래그 미분말을 혼입한 배합 간에 공기량과 슬럼프는 동일한 값을 나타내었으며 초결 및 종결 시간의 경우 20분 내외의 결과를 나타내어 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 압축 강도와 수축 특성 분석에서 삼성분계 배합은 저분말도 GGBFS를 혼입한 배합보다 더 낮은 장기 강도와 높은 수축량을 나타내었다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.457-468
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• 2023

Buildings, bridges, and dams are examples of civil infrastructure that play an important role in public life. These structures are prone to structural variations over time as a result of external forces that might disrupt the operation of the structures, cause structural integrity issues, and raise safety concerns for the occupants. Therefore, monitoring the state of a structure, also known as structural health monitoring (SHM), is essential. Owing to the emergence of the fourth industrial revolution, next-generation sensors, such as wireless sensors, UAVs, and video cameras, have recently been utilized to improve the quality and efficiency of building forensics. This study presents a method that uses a target-based system to estimate the dynamic displacement and its corresponding dynamic properties of structures using UAV-based video. A laboratory experiment was performed to verify the tracking technique using a shaking table to excite an SDOF specimen and comparing the results between a laser distance sensor, accelerometer, and fixed camera. Then a field test was conducted to validate the proposed framework. One target marker is placed on the specimen, and another marker is attached to the ground, which serves as a stationary reference to account for the undesired UAV movement. The results from the UAV and stationary camera displayed a root mean square (RMS) error of 2.02% for the displacement, and after post-processing the displacement data using an OMA method, the identified natural frequency and damping ratio showed significant accuracy and similarities. The findings illustrate the capabilities and reliabilities of the methodology using UAV to evaluate the dynamic properties of structures.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.80-85
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• 2007

We report the electro-optical properties of the sensory rhodopsin II using a near-field scanning microwave microscope(NSMM). Rhodopsin was known as a photoreceptor pigment with a retinal as a chromophore via a protonated Schiff base and consists of seven ${\alpha}-helical$ transmembrane segments. The sensory rhodopsin II, expressing E. coli UT5600 with endogenous retinal biosynthesis system and purified with $Ni^{-2}-NTA$ affinity chromatography in the presence of 0.02 % DM (Dodecyl Maltoside) from Natronomonas pharaonis. We measured the absorption spectra and the transients difference of sensory rhodopsin II from Natronomonas pharaonis using a UV/VIS spectrophotometer with Nd-Yag Laser (532 nm). The absorption spectra of NpSR II showed a typical rhodopsin spectrum with a left shoulder region and the photointermediates spectra of NpSR II-ground state (${\lambda}max=498\;nm$), NpSR II-M state (${\lambda}max=390\;nm$), and NpSR II-O state (${\lambda}max=550\;nm$) during the photocycle. The observed photocycle reaction was confirmed by measuring the microwave reflection coefficient $S_{11}$ at an operating frequency of f=3.93-3.95 GHz and compared with the results of a photocycle of NpSR II.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.86-90
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• 2017

$Tb^{3+}$ or $Eu^{3+}$ or $Ce^{3+}$-doped $CaYAlO_4$ phosphor were synthesized by solid-state method. $CaYAlO_4:Tb^{3+}$ is shown that the $Tb^{3+}$-doping concentration has a significant effect on the $^5D_4/^5D_3{\rightarrow}7F_J$ (J=6,...,0) emission intensity of $Tb^{3+}$. The $CaYAlO_4:Tb^{3+}$ phosphors show tunable photoluminescence from blue to yellow with the change of doping concentration of $Tb^{3+}$ ions. The $CaYAlO_4:Eu^{3+}$ phosphors exhibit a red-orange emission of $Eu^{3+}$ corresponding to $^5D_0$, $_{1,2}{\rightarrow}^7F_J$ (J=4,...,0) transitions. The $CaYAlO_4:Ce^{3+}$ phosphors show a blue emission due to $Ce^{3+}$ ions transitions from the 5d excited state to the $^2F_{5/2}$ and $^2F_{7/2}$ ground states. The decay time of $CaYAlO_4:Tb^{3+}$ phosphors decrease from 1.33 ms to 0.97 ms as $Tb^{3+}$ concentration increases from 0.1 mol% to 7 mol%. The decay time of $CaYAlO_4:Eu^{3+}$ phosphors increase from 0.94 ms to 1.17 ms as $Eu^{3+}$ concentration increases from 1 mol% to 9 mol%.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.479-499
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• 2019

공용중인 터널의 조사 및 평가는 시설물안전법의 안전점검 및 정밀안전진단 세부지침(터널)편에 따라 외관조사와 내구성조사를 근거하여 상태평가를 수행하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 종방향균열의 발생요인 파악을 위해 준공 후 10년이 경과되어 최초 정밀안전진단이 실시된 NATM터널 12개에 대해 균열과 라이닝의 두께를 검토하여, 이를 반영한 상태평가 수정사항을 모색하였다. 종방향균열에 대한 굴착지반의 영향을 검토하기 위해 지보패턴, 이를 구성하는 지보재 시공 조건, 라이닝의 재료적 특성, GPR탐사를 통한 라이닝 두께 등을 터널 형상 및 용도에 따라 4개의 그룹으로 나누어 자료를 분석하였다. 균열발생밀도는 숏크리트, 록볼트, 강지보재의 지보재 지지능력에 따라 변화되나 굴착지보패턴에 따른 균열발생과의 연관성은 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 라이닝 재료적인 특징인 물-시멘트비, 시멘트함유량, 강도 등이 균열발생에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, GPR탐사의 라이닝 두께를 반영한 상태평가에서는 평균 0.03 정도(분포, 0.001~0.071)의 점수증가를 야기하는 것으로 확인되어 향후 라이닝 두께 부족을 고려하는 현실적인 상태평가 방안에 대한 검토가 필요하다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.49-58
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• 2004

시화지역 퇴적층의 퇴적환경을 분석하여 압밀특성을 연구하였다. 퇴적환경은 입도분석, 퇴적구조, 지화학특성, 간 극수 화학분석, 탄소동위원소분석을 통해 분석하였으며 조사지점에서 연속적으로 채취한 불교란 시료에 대해 압밀시험과 이방압밀삼축시험(CKoUC)을 수행하여 과압밀현상을 조사하였다. 퇴적환경 분석 결과 상부의 실트/점토 혼합층은 해성환경에서 퇴적되었으며 하부의 모래층과 점토층은 하성환경에서 퇴적된 것으로 밝혀졌다. 해성퇴적층에서는 실트와 점토의 수평층리에 의한 퇴적구조가 우세하게 나타난다. 해성퇴적층 내에서 지질학적 침식이 발생했다는 뚜렷한 증거가 없음에도 불구하고 상부 해성퇴적층의 과압밀비는 1보다 크게 나오고 있다. 상부 해성퇴적층은 삼축 응력경로에서 정규압밀 점토와 동일한 거동을 보이며, 응력상태선도에서도 지질학적 의미의 정규압밀 영역에 도시된다. 해성퇴적층의 이러한 겉보기 과압밀 현상은 퇴적속도의 차이에 의해 발생되는 연약층의 구조, 즉 입자간 화학적 결합력에 의해 발생된 것으로 설명할 수 있다.