• ETRI Journal
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.119-122
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• 2006

We present an intelligent optical switching structure based on our lambda-group model along with a working scheme that can provide a distinctive approach for dividing complicated traffic into specific tunnels for better optical performance and grooming efficiency. Both the results and figures from our experiments show that the particular channel partition not only helps in reducing ports significantly, but also improves the average signal-to-noise ratio of the wavelength channel and the blocking performance for dynamic connection requests.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.172-175
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• 1999

In this paper, we propose new algorithm to minimize the total cost of overall system in WDM ring networks. The cost of system includes the number of SONET ADMs as well as the number of wavelength. As optical technologies and WDM components are developed, the dominant cost of system is the number of SONET ADMs which is electronic equipment. To reduce the number of SONET ADMs in nonuniform traffic, we propose two algorithms one is the algorithm to construct full circles as many as possible to minimize gaps by cutting and combining the connections. The other is the algorithm to groom circles Into a wavelength to share the maximum number of nodes. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to conventional algorithm in nonuniform traffic

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.2711-2733
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• 2018

Minimizing power consumption in bandwidth limited optical traffic grooming networks is presented as a two-objective optimization problem. Since the main objective is to route a connection, the network throughput is maximized first, and then the minimum power consumption solution is found for this maximized throughput. Both transparent IP over WDM (Tp-IPoWDM) and translucent IP over WDM (Tl-IPoWDM) network may be applied to examine such bi-objective algorithms. Simulations show that the bi-objective algorithms are more energy-efficient than the single objective algorithms where only the throughput is optimized. For a Tp-IPoWDM network, both link based ILP (LB-ILP) and path based ILP (PB-ILP) methods are formulated and solved. Simulation results show that PB-ILP can save more power than LB-ILP because PB-ILP has more path selections when lightpath lengths are limited. For a Tl-IPoWDM network, only PB-ILP is formulated and we show that the Tl-IPoWDM network consumes less energy than the Tp-IPoWDM network, especially under a sparse network topology. For both kinds of networks, it is shown that network energy efficiency can be improved by over-provisioning wavelengths, which gives the network more path choices.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.43-52
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• 2000

This sudy aimed to evaluate the effect of Punsimgieum-gamibang(分心氣飮加味方) on emotionality and sleep disorder. Punsimgieum(分心氣飮) has been used for insomnia, trembling, emotionality caused by strong mental stimulation and continuous stress in Oriental Medicine. And it was reported that Punsimgieum had anti-stress and anti-depression effect. Animals were devided into two groups : control group and Punsimgieum-gamibang group.Emotionality was tested in open-field with five indexes : walking, rearing, grooming, excretion and start latency. For the study of sleep disorder, after two groups had been given caffeine into abdomen, activity amount in animals was assessed for daytime and then the average percentage of sleep in two groups was calculated.The following results were observed.1. In peripheral and central partition, meditaion group walked more than control group. The difference between two groups was statistically significant.2. In rearing and grooming frequency, there was difference between two groups, but it was not statistically significant. 3. In grooming. excretion and start latency. there was no difference between two groups.4. There was no difference in the average percentage of sleep between two groups.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.355-364
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• 2009

This research was conducted to investigate the group and individual behavioral patterns of thoroughbred mares which are important for raising race-horses, in paddoks (pregnant) and pastures (nursing). In a group of nursing mare, eating 62%, standing resting 31%, drinking 3%, lying resting 1%, walking 1% and nursing 2% were observed, although no running was observed. Average time spent on individual behavior of mares (3 heads) was eating 295 min (55%), standing resting 193 min (36%), walking 18 min, drinking 18 min (3%), nursing 13 min (2%), lying resting 6 min (1%). Average 11 times of grooming, 2 times of urinating, and 1 time of feces were observed for mare in pasture. 48% of standing resting, 44% of eating, 2% of lying resting, 4% of walking, and 2% of drinking were revealed for pregnant mares in paddock. Average individual behavioral pattern of pregnant mares (3 heads) was 52% of eating, 40% of standing, 6% of walking, and 2% of drinking. Average 15 times of grooming, 1 time of urinating, 3 times of feces, 1 time of fighting, and 2 times of rolling were observed for pregnant mares in paddock. For moving patterns, pregnant mares were inclined to concentrate on where the nearby paddok is close to.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.200-207
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• 2009

In this paper, novel traffic gromming algorithms are proposed with a primary goal of maximize the throughput in WDM(Wavelength Division Multiplexing) ring networks. To achieve this goal, we analyze two network designs that are Lightpath Designs and Virtual Topology Designs and simulate the throughput in various traffic environments. From this methods, we propose novel traffic gromming algorithms to maximize the throughput.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.311-326
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• 2018

The satisfaction of wearing an outfit in daily life can lead to the attitude toward the clothes and further the brand image and repeat purchases; however, satisfaction generated from the moment the outfit was purchased is only temporary. Therefore, it would be necessary to study the antecedent variables that precede daily outfit satisfaction. In the current study, to understand the antecedent variables that influence the daily outfit satisfaction of consumers, in-depth interviews were conducted on thirteen women in their 20s and 30s. The results showed that peoples' outfit satisfaction was dependent on a comparison between their prior expectation and the performance of the outfit based on expectation-performance disconfirmation. The outfit performance was evaluated by themselves or others. Simultaneously, it was found that the others' opinion on the clothes and surroundings influence daily outfit satisfaction. This research helps deepen the understanding on the individual and social influential factors of the temporary satisfaction from purchase to the satisfaction of actually using clothes. This result ultimately intensifies the understanding on the consumption and evaluation of clothes in the whole life cycle of clothing products from purchase to disposal.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.293-299
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• 2002

We investigated seasonal variation of diurnal activity patterns in Jeiu ponies (Equus caballus). The data were collected from a semi-natural herd during daylight hours from March to September 1998. Over all months the mean proportion of time spent grazing was 83.7% ( $\pm$29.7 S.D.): that resting was 15.7$\pm$17%, grooming 0.7$\pm$1.2%, and moving 0.56$\pm$5.4%, Activity patterns varied with the seasons. The mean proportion of grazing mares peaked during late winter and early spring (March), when there was not enough food, and declined during other seasons (between May and September), when food was abundant. The mean proportion of mares that were resting and mutual grooming peaked in spring (April and May), at which time the weather was warm and food became abundant. During other seasons when grasses started to grow and the weather was mildly cool, these activities were less common. The mean proportion of mares that were moving peaked in June, although it was a small proportion of the total activity. For those mares without foals, resting periods were longer in older mares than in younger mares, but for the mares with foals this pattern was not evident. From these data, we hypothesize that the dominance hierarchy of the mares effects the diurnal activity pattern.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.221-226
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• 2016

The animal welfare issues in cattle breeding include breeding environment, elimination, and castration. Among these, castration is unavoidable because it decreases cattle aggressiveness, improves meat quality, and enhances feed efficiency. In this study, the degree of stress associated with various methods of castration treatment was investigated for animal welfare in Hanwoo breeding. Cortisol levels dramatically increased right after castration in both the SoF and SoV groups. However, the increase in the SoF group was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that in the SoV group, and the range of decrease was also smaller. Among the behavioral characteristics, standing was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the SoV ($374.93{\pm}21.51$) and SoF ($379.93{\pm}21.30$) groups based on the behavioral time (min/12 hours) compared to that in the NC group ($359.37{\pm}19.69$). The SoF and SoV groups did not show any significant (P<0.05) difference. In terms of behavioral frequency, the NC group demonstrated a significantly (P<0.05) high frequency of drinking, self-grooming, scratching, and rubbing, and a significantly (P<0.05) less frequency of fighting behavior. The feeding time significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the SoV and SoF groups, and their frequencies of pairwise grooming were significantly (P<0.05) less. Based on the results, the cattle experienced less stress during castration by a veterinarian than during treatment using a move-stop.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.102-118
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to derive the characteristics of fashion that appeared in the daily life of bourgeois women in Paris in the late 19th-century, and to examine the attitudes women showed toward fashion in the modernized city of Paris. The research method was a literature study and a visual data analysis study targeting fashion of bourgeois women from 1860s to 1900s out of Mary Cassatt's 155 works and Berthe Morisot's 147 works from Wikiart's digital images. The characteristics and attitudes showed in fashion in terms of women's painter's work, women's daily life, and women's space are as follows. First, while the subject matter of their works was restricted to the house, fashion was described with the sensual colors, elegance, and sophistication anticipated of a woman's nature. The represented attitude toward women and fashion includes advice for pursuing the dignity of maternal love and women's intellectual life, as well as an attempt to reflect a current point of view on the woman image. Second, the daily life of bourgeois women was childcare, needlework, reading, and grooming. They valued socialization and entertainment as well as intimacy and education with children, so they wore different clothes depending on the situation. This suggested that it was necessary to dress appropriately both at home and when going out. Third, despite the fact that the public space for women was limited, they dressed elegantly in a variety of trends when they went out. This was fashion worn only for appearance.