• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.485-496
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• 2022

Modern agriculture is being transformed into smart agriculture to maximize production efficiency along with changes in the 4th industrial revolution. However, rural areas in Korea are facing challenges of aging, low fertility, and population outflow, making it difficult to transition to smart agriculture. Among ICT technologies, simulation allows users to observe or experience the results of their choices through imitation or reproduction of reality. The combination of the three-dimension (3D) model and the greenhouse simulator enable a 3D experience by virtual greenhouse for fruits and vegetable cultivation. At the same time, it is possible to visualize the greenhouse under various cultivation or climate conditions. The objective of this study is to apply the greenhouse climate management model for simulation development that can visually see the state of the greenhouse environment under various micrometeorological properties. The numerical solution with the mathematical model provided a dynamic change in the greenhouse environment for a particular greenhouse design. Light intensity, crop transpiration, heating load, ventilation rate, the optimal amount of CO₂ enrichment, and daily light integral were calculated with the simulation. The results of this study are being built so that users can be linked through a web page, and software will be designed to reflect the characteristics of cladding materials and greenhouses, cultivation types, and the condition of environmental control facilities for customized environmental control. In addition, environmental information obtained from external meteorological data, as well as recommended standards and set points for each growth stage based on experiments and research, will be provided as optimal environmental factors. This simulation can help growers, students, and researchers to understand the ICT technologies and the changes in the greenhouse microclimate according to the growing conditions.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.40-45
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• 2010

In this study, methane production by reuse of screened soil of landfill was estimated and the effect of application of landfarming for the reduction of methane was investigated. The study soil sampled from S closed landfill contains VS 9.8~12.8% and its BOD/COD is 0.31~0.33 which is more than three times over 0.1, the BOD/COD stabilization criteria of Ministry of Environment. The effective remediation technology for the reduction of organics of soil, landfarming was applied to the screened soil for 60 days. VS and TPH removal showed 5.2~8.3% and 67~74% respectively, and the reduction of VS until 30 day charged 70% of the total reduction. BMP test showed 27.77~30.46 mL $CH_4$/g VS and total methane production from total screened soil for remediation is expected about 260.4 $CH_4$ ton. Expected amount of methane production of the screened soil by landfarming application is 12.9 $CH_4$ ton, which shows 95% gas reduction effect and landfarming is effective for the reduction of methane production from screened soil of landfill.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.413-426
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• 2009

Nuclear energy plays an important role in world energy production by supplying 6% of the world's current total electricity production. However, 86% of the energy consumed worldwide to produce industrial process heat, to generate electricity and to power the transportation sector still originates in fossil fuels. To cope with dwindling fossil fuels and climate change, it is clear that a clean alternative energy that can replace fossil fuels in these sectors is urgently required. Clean hydrogen energy is one such alternative. Clean hydrogen can play an important role not only in synthetic fuel production but also through powering fuel cells in the anticipated hydrogen economy. With the introduction of the high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) that can produce nuclear heat up to $950^{\circ}C$ without greenhouse gas emissions, nuclear power is poised to broaden its mission beyond electricity generation to the provision of nuclear process heat and the massive production of hydrogen. In this paper, the features and potential of the HTGR as the energy source of the future are addressed. Perspectives on nuclear heat and hydrogen applications using the HTGR are discussed.

• Advances in Energy Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.11-30
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• 2015

The covenant of Mayors initiative includes the commitment of the municipalities-signatories to reduce voluntarily the greenhouse gas emissions over 20--- by 2020 within their boundaries and obligates them to develop and submit an energy consumption analysis and a sustainable energy action plan within a year from the adhesion. The present paper discusses the energy profile of three medium-sized north-eastern Greek Municipalities (Kavala-MoK, Alexandroupolis-MoA, Drama-MoD) through the analysis of their municipal energy balance. The results of the total final energy consumption per capita include 14.10MWh/capita, 14.24MWh/capita and 12.91MWh/capita for MoK, MoA and MoD respectively. The analysis highlighted the increased energy consumption of the private sectors, namely residential and tertiary building sand private transport. The assessment of the municipalities' energy profiles along with examination of national regulations and action plans and investigation of best available practices within the Covenant of Mayors shaped the development of the sustainable energy action plans of the examined municipalities that is presented in this paper. The proposed pathway towards low-carbon municipalities can be considered a representative case study and a starting point for other municipalities with similar characteristics.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.302-307
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to examine the optimum wattage and installation height using nano-carbon fiber infrared heating lamp (NCFIHL) for heating energy saving and plug seedling production in plug seedling production greenhouse in winter season. NCFIHL of 700 and 900 W was installed over the bed ($1.2{\times}2.4m$) as 0.7, 1.0, and 1.3 m height, respectively, for the production of grafted watermelon seedling in venlo-type glasshouse. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Manst.) 'Jijonggul' and gourd (Lagenaria leucantha Rusby.) 'Sunbongjang' were used as scions and rootstocks, respectively. The scions and rootstocks were grafted by single cotyledon ordinary splice grafting. Light intensity of NCFIHL was below the $1{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ in all treatment. Spectral distributions of NCFIHL presented mostly infrared area. When outside air temperature was below $10^{\circ}C$, 700 and 900 W NCFIHL installed with 0.7 m height treatment and 900 W NCFIHL installed with 1.0 m height treatment maintained the setting air temperature ($20^{\circ}C$) at night. In the result of taking thermal imaging, the grafted watermelons were getting warm fast in 900 W NCFIHL installed with 0.7 m height treatment at night. Compactness of the grafted watermelons was the greatest in 700 W NCFIHL installed with 1.3 m height treatment. The results indicate that NCFIHL installed above 1.0 m height using 700 W was suitable for production of plug seedling.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.310-315
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• 2012

The vegetable perilla is proved to be a late-maturing plant that flowers at the early of Oct. regardless of sowing time, so that the sowing time for seed production should be decided under consideration of maturity before beginning of frost. This experiment was carried out to determine the sowing date for seed production at greenhouse on late-maturing perilla cultivar, 'Ipdlkkae 1' in the middle region of Korea. The sowing dates were 8 times from May 6 to July 15 with an intervals of 10 days. As sowing date was delayed, the stem height, no. of nodes, no. of branches, no. of cluster per plant and no. of capsules per cluster were decreased. But as sowing was early, the lodging was occurred because of heavier growing. Days to flowering was linearly decreased about 0.86 day as affected by a day's delayed. But days from flowering to maturing was not significantly affected by sowing date. The grain yield was not significantly different among sowing from May 6 to June 15 and rapidly decreased the sowing after June 25 because of the reductions of no. of cluster and percent of ripened grain. Considering accumulative temperature, lodging, germination rate and grain yield, it is suggested that the sowing for seed production in late-maturing perilla cultivar should be finish before June 15 (transplanted at July 15) at greenhouse in the middle region of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.297-311
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• 2012

Since 1997, Korean Ministry of Knowledge Economy and Ministry of Environment have established data on some 400 basic raw and subsidiary materials and process like energy, petro-chemical, steel, cement, glass, paper, construction materials, transportation, recycling and disposal etc by initiating establishment of LCI database. Regarding agriculture, Rural Development Administration has conducted establishment of LCI database for major farm products like rice, barley, beans, cabbage and radish etc from 2009, and released that they would establish LCI database for 50 items until 2020 later on. The domestic LCI database for seeds, seedling, agrochemical, inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer etc is only at initial stage of establishment, so overseas LCI databases are brought and being used. However, since the domestic and overseas natural environments differ, they fall behind in reliability. Therefore, this study has the purpose to select organic farming materials, survey the production process for various types of organic farming materials and establish LCI database for the effects of greenhouse gas emitted during the process in order to select carbon basic units for agricultural production system compliant in domestic situation instead of relying on overseas data and apply life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emitted by each crop during the process. As for selecting methods, in this study organic farming materials were selected in the method of direct observation of material and bottom-up method a survey method with focus on the organic farming materials admitted into rice production. For the basic unit of carbon emission amount by the production of 1kg of organic farming material, the software PASS 4.1.1 developed by Korea Accreditation Board under Ministry of Knowledge Economy was used. The study had the goal to ultimately provide basic unit to calculate carbon emission amount in executing many institutions like goal management system and carbon performance display system etc in agricultural sector to be conducted later on. As a result, emission basic units per 1kg of production were calculated to be 0.0088kg-$CO_2$ for charcoal, 0.1319kg-$CO_2$ for grass liquid, and 0.2804kg-$CO_2$ for microbial agent.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.192-199
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• 2009

This study was conducted to find proper structural reinforcement methods for the 4.5m-high (eaves height) 1-2W type plastic greenhouse. 3D finite element analysis was used to analyze the steel-tube structure. The 4.5m-high 1-2W type plastic greenhouse was modified by welding 1.5m-long steel-pipes into a 3.0m-tall columns of the standard 1-2W type plastic greenhouse. This remodeling method is widely used in Korea with farmer's discretion to increase the production when they grow paprika. But it is not based on the quantitative structural analysis. The proposed reinforcement methods were proved to stand against the design wind velocity of $40m{\cdot}s^{-1}$ and snow depth of 40cm. It strongly implies that the cross beam between side columns and wind resistance walls, and the lattice type cross beam should be good reinforcements to improve the structural safety of the elevated eaves height plastic greenhouse.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.518-525
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• 2018

In the 21st century, human beings are becoming increasingly concerned about greenhouse gas emissions as the environment changes due to climate change become serious. The temperature of Korea has risen by approximately $1.5^{\circ}C$ from 1904 to 2000, and the climate is changing gradually to a subtropical climate. As a result, the frequency of floods and droughts increases, so that the water available to humans is decreasing every year, and the cost of using city water is rising every year. The reuse of wastewater that is normally abandoned is inevitable. This study examined the monthly data for 6 months of operation by installing a reuse system of concentrated wastewater (Re R/O System) that is generated during the process of manufacturing de-ionized water (DI-Water System) used in semiconductor processing. As a result of the survey, the city water supply saved approximately $2,767m^3$ per month. The average annual greenhouse gas emissions was $1,329.07kg-CO_2$ per month due to the electricity consumption of the water reuse system. On the other hand, because of the reduction in city water supply, the average monthly average of $918.64kg-CO_2$ was reduced, and the greenhouse gas emissions were increased to $410.43kg-CO_2$ per month. If it improves some processes in the water reuse system, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by an average of $254.41kg-CO_2$ per month.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.222-227
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: Among the biomass conversion techniques of livestock manure, composting process is a method of decomposing organic matter through microorganisms, and converting it into fertilizer in soil. The aerobic composting process is capable of treating cow manure in large quantities, and produces greenhouse gas as CO₂ and N₂O, although it has economical benefit. By using the activated rice hull biochar, which is a porous material, it was intended to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions, and to produce the compost of which quality was high. Objective of this experiment was to estimate CO₂ and N₂O emissions through composting process of cow manure with different cooperated biochar contents. METHODS AND RESULTS: The treatments of activated rice hull biochar were set at 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%, respectively, during composting cow manure. The CO₂ emission in the control was 534.7 L kg^-1, but was 385.5 L kg^-1 at 15% activated rice hull biochar. Reduction efficiency of CO₂ emission was estimated to be 28%. N₂O emission was 0.28 L kg^-1 in the control, but was 0.03 L min^-1 at 15% of activated rice hull biochar, estimating about 89% reduction efficiency. CONCLUSION: Greenhouse gas emissions during the composting process of cow manure can be reduced by mixing with 15% of activated rice hull biochar for eco-friendly compost production.