• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.27-34
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• 2020

This study involved a total budget analysis on the greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions of landfills, focusing on surface emissions and the effect on emissions reductions of generating landfill gas (LFG) electricity from March 7, 2007 to December 31, 2018. The GHGs reduction effect from the electricity generation using 536.6 × 10³ tCO₂ of CH₄ was only 5.8% of the GHGs from surface emissions of 9,191 × 10³ tCO₂. In the total budget, the collection ratio should be over 95% if the reduction effect is greater than the surface emissions. The correlation coefficient for the relationship between the LFG collection ratio and GHGs reduction was -0.89. An additional effect of lowering CH₄ content may occur if the surface emitting flux of LFG decreased with an increase in the collection ratio. The unit reduction effect of GHGs by suppressing surface emissions was 4174 tCO₂/TJ. This was far greater than that of LFG power generated (54.3 tCO₂/TJ), demonstrating that surface emission control is the most important measure by which to mitigate GHGs emission.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.295-302
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• 2011

Almost half of New Zealand's greenhouse gas emissions arise from agriculture and enteric methane ($CH_4 $) emissions arising from ruminant animals constitute 30% of total $CO_2$-e emissions. Enteric $CH_4$ emissions have increased by 9% since 1990. Extensive research has been undertaken to develop reliable methods for measuring enteric $CH_4$ emissions. New Zealand studies using the SF6 tracer technique suggest that on average this technique yields similar values to the 'gold' standard of calorimetry, but with a larger variance. National inventory estimates based on results obtained using the $SF_6$ technique will therefore overestimate the uncertainty. Mitigating emissions can be achieved by changing feed type but there are practical and cost barriers to the use of alternative feeds. Forages containing condensed tannins do reduce emissions but are agronomically inferior to the forages currently used. Rumen additives have shown some success in-vitro but results from in-vivo trials with both monensin and fumaric acid have been disappointing. The development of methods for directly manipulating rumen microorganisms are at an early stage and work to develop vaccines that can inhibit methanogenesis has yielded mixed results. The successful identification of sheep with contrasting $CH_4$ yields raises the possibility that, in the long term, a breeding approach to $CH_4$ mitigation is feasible.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.305-323
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• 2008

Climate change is one of the broadest and the most complex issues of international environmental cooperation. Concern about climate change has been steadily increasing and has become a worldwide issue. According to IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change)'s recently report, global warming has accelerated vest serious problems. GHG(Green House Gas) emissions trading schemes, including the Kyoto mechanism that spread to solving the problems. Based on the evaluation on GHG emissions trading schemes, we also find some policy implications on the future development of emissions trading the conventional air pollutants in Korea which start to 2007. The regulatory authority needs to make clear how to allocate allowances to new entrants and also to keep the balance between the opportunity costs of reduction between potential shutdown facilities and new entrants. Under the current rule that does not allow shutdown credits, an equivalent level of allowances needs to be allocated to new entrants free of charge. We believe our policy recommendations may be useful not only for Korea but also for a the other countries, since they are facing a similar policy environment as Korea, particularly in the case of climate change.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 2017

In this study, GHG inventory on 17 local government between 2005 and 2014 is build up using 'GHG emission estimation guideline (2016. 2) for local government' developed and distributed by KECO. This covers all the sectors should be included in national GHG inventory, which are energy, industrial process, agriculture, AFOLU, and waste. In addition, six GHGs, carbon dioxide, metane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride declared in Kyoto protocol are estimated to reflect utmost precision. Indirect esissions, such as electricity, heat and waste generation are separately estimated as well as direct emissions to help local government to establish substantial and implementable reduction measures of GHGs.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.223-232
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• 2014

Monthly variations of radiative forcing (RF) and mean temperature changes by greenhouse gases emitted from commercial aircraft were estimated based on the simplified expression at four international airports (Incheon, Gimpo, Jeju, and Gimhae Airports) during the years of 2009~2010. The highest RF and mean temperature change in the study area occurred at Incheon Airport, whereas the lowest RF and mean temperature change at Gimhae Airport. During 2009~2010, the mean RF and mean temperature change estimated from aircraft $CO_2$ emissions at Incheon Airport were approximately 30.0 $mW/m^2$ and $0.022^{\circ}K$, respectively. The mean RF and mean temperature changes caused by other greenhouse gas $N_2O$ was significantly small (<<0.1 $mW/m^2$ and << $1{\times}10^{-3}^{\circ}K$). Meanwhile, $CH_4$ emissions caused negative mean RF ($-4.45{\times}10^{-3}mW/m^2$ at Incheon Airport) and the decrease of mean temperature ($-3.83{\times}10^{-6}^{\circ}K$) due to consumption of atmospheric $CH_4$ in the aircraft engine.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1643-1654
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• 2014

The university is one of the main energy consumption facilities and thereby releases a large amount of greenhouse gas (GHG). Accordingly, efforts for reducing energy consumption and GHG have been established in many local as well as international universities. However, it has been limited to energy consumption and GHG, and has not included air pollution (AP). Therefore, we estimated GHG and AP integrated emissions from the energy consumed by Seoul National University of Science and Technology during the years between 2010 and 2012. In addition, the effect of alternative energy use scenario was analysed. We estimated GHG using IPCC guideline and Guidelines for Local Government Greenhouse Inventories, and AP using APEMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook 2013 and Air Pollutants Calculation Manual. The estimated annual average GHG emission was $11,420tonCO_{2eq}$, of which 27% was direct emissions from fuel combustion sectors, including stationary and mobile source, and the remaining 73% was indirect emissions from purchased electricity and purchased water supply. The estimated annual average AP emission was 7,757 kgAP, of which the total amount was from direct emissions only. The annual GHG emissions from city gas and purchased electricity usage per unit area ($m^2$) of the university buildings were estimated as $15.4kgCO_{2eq}/m^2$ and $42.4tonCO_{2eq}/m^2$ and those per person enrolled in the university were $210kgCO_{2eq}$/capita and $577kgCO_{2eq}$/capita. Alternative energy use scenarios revealed that the use of all alternative energy sources including solar energy, electric car and rain water reuse applicable to the university could reduce as much as 9.4% of the annual GHG and 34% of AP integrated emissions, saving approximately 400 million won per year, corresponding to 14% of the university energy budget.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.8-12
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• 2011

For reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the short-term strategy is of existing energy-efficient appliances to facilitate the spread of energy efficiency improvements to improve energy efficiency, energy saving projects that will include investments to enable. R&D is at the core of the long-term strategy. To reduce energy demand, the equipments and processes improved energy efficiency should be developed. In terms of energy supply, the policies for greenhouse gas reduction is to replace fossil fuels by expanding the supply of renewable energy such as solar, wind, geothermal, biomass and nuclear power as nearly zero-emission of greenhouse gas. In terms of energy consumption, measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is in line with the policy for efficiency improvement. The buildings & work-site of high-energy consumption in the building & Industry sectors, should implement a policy to strengthening the voluntary agreement on energy-saving facilities and expand to invest in energy saving facilities.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.161-174
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• 2014

The methodology report '2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories' shows higher tier method can be a good practice, which uses country-specific or plant-specific data when calculating greenhouse gas emissions by country. We review the methodology report to present principles of using plant-level data and also examine examples of using plant-level data in chemical and metal industry in 20 countries for the purpose of quality improvement of national greenhouse gas inventories. We propose that Korea consider utilizing plant-level data, as reported according to 'Greenhouse gas and Energy Target Management Scheme', in the following order as a preference. First, the data can be utilized for quality control of Korea's own parameters, when Tier 2 method is adopted and bottom-up approach is not applicable. Second, both plant-level data and IPCC default data can be used together, combining Tier 1 method with Tier 3 method. Third, we can also use acquired plant-level data and country specific parameters, combining Tier 2 method with Tier 3 method. Fourth, if the plant-level data involves all categories of emissions and the data is proven to be representative, we can apply Tier 3 method. In this case, we still need to examine the data to check its reliability by a consistent framework, including appropriate quality control.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.184-194
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of C02 emissions by road before establishing a policy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Method: As for the analysis method, the traffic volume and speed of the road were estimated using the traffic Assignment model targeting 27 arterial road axes in Incheon Metropolitan City. And, after estimating CO2 emissions by road axis by applying this, the characteristics of each group were analyzed through cluster analysis. Result: As a result of cluster analysis using total CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions by truck vehicles, and the ratio of truck vehicle emissions to total carbon dioxide emissions, four clusters were classified. When examining the characteristics of each road included in each group, it was analyzed that the characteristics of each group appeared according to the level of impact by CO2 emissions and truck vehicles. Conclusion: It is judged that it is necessary to establish a plan in consideration of CO2 emission characteristics for road CO2 management for greenhouse gas reduction.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.161-169
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• 2007

Global climate changes including elevated $CO_2$, drought, and global warming may influence greenhouse gas emissions in wetlands. A variety of microbial communities including denitrifiers and methanogens play a key role in determining such processes. In this paper we summarize current knowledge on the effects of climate changes on $CO_2,\;CH_4$, and $N_2O$ production and microbial communities mediating those processes in wetlands. Elevated atmospheric $CO_2$ and warming generally increase gas emissions, but effects of droughts differ with gas type and drying level. The responses of microbial community to climate changes in terms of composition, diversity and abundance are still in question due to lack of studies in wetlands. Based on the present review, it is suggested that future studies on microbial processes should consider microbial community and relationships between microbial function and structure with diverse environmental factors including climate changes. Such knowledge would be crucial to better understand and predict accurately any shifts in ecological functions of wetlands.