• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.27-35
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare and apply quantitative indices for analyzing the total green space in an urban area, targeting Guro-Gu, Seoul. The indices were classified in terms of plane, solid and urban planning. The park area per person as an index of the park green's total volume was $2.34m^2$. This clearly shows the deficiency of park area. However, it did not reflect actual green space, since undesignated forests, rivers and green spaces in the city were excluded. Green coverage area per person in terms of plane was $18.85m^2$ and was useful as an index of actual urban planting, focusing on expansion of the green space. However, the conception of total volume of park green had limitation to be recognized as a unit of area. The number of trees and green area volume per person in terms of solid was 4.1 trees and $35.8m^2$, respectively. This enabled reflection on qualitative improvement plans such as increasing the volume of trees for the high density of developed areas.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.61-74
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• 2023

The concept of "green infrastructure" emphasizes the close relationship between natural and urban social systems, thereby providing services that protect the ecological environment and improve the quality of human life. The Green View Index(GVI) is an important indicator for measuring the supply of urban green space and contains more 3D spatial elements concerning the green space ratio. This study focused on an area within the Third Ring Road in the city of Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China. The purposes of this study were three-fold. First, this study analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of the GVI in urban streets and its correlation with the urban park green space system using Street View image data. Second to analyze the characteristics of low GVI streets were analyzed. Third, to analyze the connectivity between road traffic and street GVI using space syntax were analyzed. This study found that the Street GVI was higher in the southwestern part of the study area than in the northeastern part. The spatial distribution of the street GVI correlated with urban park green space. Second, the street areas with low GVI are mainly concentrated in areas with dense commercial facilities, areas with new construction, areas around elevated roads, roads below Class 4, and crossroads areas. Third, the high integration and low GVI areas were mainly concentrated within the First Ring Road in the city as judged by the concentration of vehicles and population. This study provides base material for future programs to improve the GVI of streets in Chengdu, Sichuan Province.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.373-379
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• 2019

Smart-farm has been spreading across Korea to improve the labor efficiency and productivity of greenhouse crops. Although notable improvements have been made in the monitoring technologies and environmental-controlling systems in greenhouses, only a few simple decision-support systems are available for predicting the optimum environmental conditions for crop growth. In this study, a tomato growth model (GreenTom), which was developed by Seoul National University in 1997, was calibrated and validated to examine if the model can be used as a decision-supporting system. The original GreenTom model was not able to simulate artificial defoliation, which resulted in overestimation of the leaf area index in the late growth. Thus, an algorithm for simulating the artificial defoliation was developed and added to the original model. The node development, leaf growth, stem growth, fruit growth, and leaf area index were generally well simulated by the modified model indicating that the model could be used effectively in the decision-making of smart greenhouse.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.402-411
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• 2014

This study suggests the method of green infrastructure (GI) application which helps proper distribution of structural GI and non-structural GI by using land characteristics assessment and performs the case study. Land assessment standard consists of land cover type, fragmentation degree, proximity degree to residential districts, and cluster degree of fragmented areas which represents the quality of green network. The result of assessment proposes the land suitability to preserve or develop and it can be utilized to choose the type of the green infrastructures.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2024

The accelerated pace of climate crisis due to continuous industrialization and greenhouse gas emissions necessitates sustainable solutions that simultaneously address mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Naturebased Solutions (NbS) have gained prominence as viable approaches, with Green Infrastructure being a representative NbS. Green Infrastructure involves securing green spaces within urban areas, providing diverse climate adaptation functions such as removal of various air pollutants, carbon sequestration, and isolation. The proliferation of Green Infrastructure is influenced by the quantification of improvement effects related to various projects. To support decision-making by assessing the climate vulnerability of Green Infrastructure, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has developed i-Tree Tools. This study proposes a comprehensive evaluation approach for climate change adaptation types by quantifying the climate adaptation performance of urban Green Infrastructure. Using i-Tree Canopy, the analysis focuses on five urban green spaces covering more than 30 hectares, considering the tree ratio relative to the total area. The evaluation encompasses aspects of thermal environment, aquatic environment, and atmospheric environment to assess the overall eco-friendliness in terms of climate change adaptation. The results indicate that an increase in the tree ratio correlates with improved eco-friendliness in terms of thermal, aquatic, and atmospheric environments. In particular, it is necessary to prioritize consideration of the water environment sector in order to realize climate change adaptive green infrastructure, such as increasing green space in urban areas, as it has been confirmed that four out of five target sites are specialized in improving the water environment.

• ALGAE
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.227-234
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• 2004

A study on the dynamics of phytoplankton community and the physico-chemical environmental factors was performed biweekly from April 1998 to March 1999 in Youngchun Dam. A total 72 phytoplankton taxa was identified and dominant taxa were blue-green algae and diatoms. The highest value of phytoplankton standing crop (24,826cells·ml$^{-1}$) was observed in September 7, 1998, the blooming period of blue-green algae Phormidium sp., while the lowest (318cells·ml$^{-1}$) was measured in June 18, 1999. The phytoplankton communities were dominated by blue-green algae of Anabaena planktonica, Microcystis aeruginosa and Phormidium sp. during the summer and autumn periods and were dominated by diatoms of Synedra acus and Aulacoseira spp. during the spring and winter periods. Secchi disc transparency, chlorophyll-a, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and silicate concentration were varied in the ranges of 0.4-2.5 m, 2.4-32.2mg·m$^{-1}$, 0.845-2.352mg·l$^{-1}$, 0.005-0.093mg·l$^{-1}$, 0.2-15.7mg·l$^{-1}$, respectively. The trophic status of Youngchun Dam were estimated eutrophic according to Lake Trophic States Index (LTSI).

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.112-121
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• 2008

The study aimed to extract development potential on clustered settlements by deciding priority on extracting standardization points taking pure development indexes and future development conditions into account targeting clustered settlements released from green-belt in Gijang-gun, Busan. The study selected individual indexes on 4 areas on aspects of natural, physical, development, approach for objective and scientific analysis through Busan's GIS Data. The results showed that large clustered settlements near shores are areas with high development index value and evaluated as areas with high development potential, and smaller clustered settlements located inland near the west of National Road 14 showed that individual index values were lower thus evaluated as areas with lower development potential.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.437-442
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• 2019

Green $BaSi_2O_2N_2:0.02Eu^{2+}$ phosphor is synthesized through a two-step solid state reaction method. The first firing is for crystallization, and the second firing is for reduction of $Eu^{3+}$ into $Eu^{2+}$ and growth of crystal grains. By thermal analysis, the three-time endothermic reaction is confirmed: pyrolysis reaction of $BaCO_3$ at $900^{\circ}C$ and phase transitions at $1,300^{\circ}C$ and $1,400^{\circ}C$. By structural analysis, it is confirmed that single phase [$BaSi_2O_2N_2$] is obtained with Cmcm space group of orthorhombic structure. After the first firing the morphology is rod-like type and, after the second firing, the morphology becomes round. Our phosphor shows a green emission with a peak position of 495 nm and a peak width of 32 nm due to the $4f^65d^1{\rightarrow}4f^7$ transition of $Eu^{2+}$ ion. An LED package (chip size $5.6{\times}3.0mm$) is fabricated with a mixture of our green $BaSi_2O_2N_2$, and yellow $Y_3Al_5O_{12}$ and red $Sr_2Si_5N_8$ phosphors. The color rendering index (90) is higher than that of the mixture without our green phosphor (82), which indicates that this is an excellent green candidate for white LEDs with a deluxe color rendering index.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.340-348
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• 2021

Continuous monitoring of RGB (Red, Green, Blue) vegetation indices is important to apply remote sensing technology for the estimation of crop growth. In this study, we evaluated the performance of eight vegetation indices derived from soybean RGB images with various agronomic parameters under drought stress condition. Drought stress influenced the behavior of various RGB vegetation indices related soybean canopy architecture and leaf color. In particular, reported vegetation indices such as ExGR (Excessive green index minus excess red index), Ipca (Principal Component Analysis Index), NGRDI (Normalized Green Red Difference Index), VARI (Visible Atmospherically Resistance Index), SAVI (Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index) were effective tools in obtaining canopy coverage and leaf chlorophyll content in soybean field. In addition, the RGB vegetation indices related to leaf color responded more sensitively to drought stress than those related to canopy coverage. The PLS-DA (Partial Squares-Discriminant Analysis) results showed that the separation of RGB vegetation indices was distinct by drought stress. The results, yet preliminary, display the potential of applying vegetation indices based on RGB images as a tool for monitoring crop environmental stress.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.6_1
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• pp.1207-1217
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• 2022

Vegetation indices using the reflectance of selected wavelength, associating with the monitoring purpose such as identifying the progress of crop growth, on the vegetation canopy surface is widely used in the digital agriculture technology. However, the surface reflectance anisotropy can distort the true value of vegetation index related to the condition of surface, even though the surface property be unchanged. That causes difficulty to observe accurately crop growth on the monitoring system. In this study, a simple type goniometer was designed to measure the reflectance from the anisotropic surface according to various zeniths and azimuths of sun and viewing sensor in the field. On the tarp like as Lambertian surface, the reflectance of Blue, Green, Red, Near-Infrared band was similar to the tarps' reflectance properties. However, the reflectance was slightly overestimated in the cloudy day. The relative difference values of vegetation indices on grass were overestimated for the forward viewing and underestimated for the backward viewing. In addition, enhanced vegetation index (EVI) showed less sensitive according to the positions of sun and sensor viewing. Field observation with a goniometer will be helpful to understand the anisotropy characteristics on the vegetation surface.