• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.287-294
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• 2011

Autophagy is a process of intracellular bulk protein degradation, in which the accumulated proteins and cytoplasmic organelles are degraded. It plays important roles in cellular homeostasis, apoptosis, and development, but its role during early embryo development remains contentious. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effects of 3-methyladenine (3-MA) on early embryonic development in pigs, we also investigated several indicators of developmental potential, including mitochondrial distribution, genes expressions (autophagy-, apoptosis- related genes), apoptosis and ER-stress, which are affected by 3-MA. After in vitro maturation and fertilization, presumptive pig embryos were cultured in PZM-3 medium supplemented with 3-MA for 2 days at $39^{\circ}C$ 5% $CO_2$ in air. Developmental competence to the blastocyst stage in the presence of 3-MA was gradually decreased according to increasing concentration. Thus, all further experiments were performed using 2 mM 3-MA. Blastocysts that developed in the 3-MA treated group decreased LC3-II intensity and expressions of autophagy related genes than those of the untreated control, resulting in down-regulates the autophagy. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) showed that the number of containing fragmented DNA at the blastocyst stage increased in the 3-MA treated group compared with control ($6.0{\pm}1.0$ vs $3.3{\pm}0.6$, p<0.05). Also, the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Bax increased in 3-MA treated group, whereas expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-XL decreased. Mito Tracker Green FM staining showed that blastocysts derived from the 3-MA treated group had lower mitochondrial integrity than that of the untreated control, resulting in decrease the embryonic qualities of preimplantation porcine blastocysts. Then, the expression of the spliced form of pXBP-1 product (pXBP-1s) increased in 3-MA treated group, resulting increase of ER-stress. Taken together, these results indicate that inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA is closely associated with apoptosis and ER-stress during preimplantation periods of porcine embryos.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.236-246
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to develop an analytical method for the determination of pyribencarb and its metabolite KIE-9749 in agricultural commodities. The experiment was performed with a range of concentrations $0.05{\sim}2.5{\mu}g/g$ in apple, green pepper, potato, hulled rice, soybean, pear, peach, grape and cucumber. Each samples were extracted with acetone and cleaned by dichloromethane/saline water partition and purified with Florisil solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge and aminopropyl SPE cartridge. Pyribencarb and KIE-9749 were separated and quantified by HPLC/UVD at 265nm using acetonitrile and water as mobile phase. The recoveries of pyribencarb and KIE-9749 were within 78.3~108.4% and 73.9~113.7% with RSD below 12.2% and 15.0%, respectively. The limits of quantification (LOQ) were both $0.05{\mu}g/g$. LC/ESI-MS/MS was optimized for confirmation of residue identity.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.104-109
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• 2017

The flooding and deterioration of water quality caused by urbanization and climate change are becoming more serious. In order to respond to this, studies on low impact development (LID) technology, which is designed to restore the hydrological system of the urban basin to its natural state, have been actively pursued all over the world, The announcement of the low carbon green growth law, hydrophilic area special law, etc., highlights the importance of technology such as the LID method. However, whereas various developments have been made in relation to the current LID element technology, there has been little research designed to verify its effectiveness. In this study, we analyzed the optimum spatial distribution of pitcher fire pitcher packing in parking lots using the K - LIDM model to verify the effectiveness of the low impact development (LID) method in the early stages. Using the eight package scenario and the three rain intensity scenarios, it was found that the lower 40% pitcher packaging results in an approximately 90% spill reduction effect, as in the case of the whole pitcher's package. The confirmation of these analyses and experimental verification is expected to ensure that the actual pitcher packaging will be used as a basis for arranging LID facilities such as urban planning and housing development in the future.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.1477-1485
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• 2012

This study examined urbanization effects and the causes of urbanization, urban population growth, increase of the city scale, land cover change, and human cultures and economic activities, using the daily minimum temperatures of the past 50 years (1961-2010) with the subject of Busan and analyzed correlations between urbanization effects and the causes of urbanization. Thereby, this paper drew a conclusion as below: 1) Due to the urbanization effects, the average annual daily minimum temperature increased as about $1.2^{\circ}C$; however, except for the factor of urbanization, the increase was shown as about $0.2^{\circ}C$. The occupancy of urbanization effects in the total temperature increase was quite high as about 83%. 2) Just like other cities experiencing urbanization, Busan, too, sees population growth and the expansion of city area as well as increased urbanization effects. First of all, correlation between population growth and urbanization effect was high as 0.96 before 1985 while it was lowered as 0.19 after 1985. Also, correlation between the increase of city area and urbanization effect was high as 0.64 and 0.79 before and after 1985. 3) Regarding the correlation between long-term land use change and urbanization effect, urbanization effect was affected greatly by the increase of city area (0.97) and reduction of green area (0.92). 4) Concerning human activities possible to affect the climatic factors of a city, this paper found the following factors: road length, car increase, power use, and the consumer price index, etc. And regarding the correlation between the three factors and urbanization effect, the correlation was higher in the consumer price index (0.97), the number of registered cars (0.89), power use (0.75), and road length (0.58) in order.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.201-212
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• 2009

As GIS analysis method began to be introduced in late 1980's, studies of land development applying the GIS also started to be proceeded in various fields. Since 2003, Land Suitability Assesment has been adopted in order to prevent national land from development thoughtless for the environment and to plan appropriate national land management in terms of green development. Land Suitability Assessment System II based on diverse GIS analysis method such as Contour Analysis, Overlay Analysis, Network Analysis was particularly adopted to draft plans of specifying and altering of exclusionary zoning as well as installing and maintaining of urban planning facilities. But there has been a lot of problem, like an inaccurate basic data and assessment indicators, unmatched threshold, and contradicted evaluation result between each evaluating systems. Even though it is suited to an evaluation criteria, grade distribution is applied to start at 20, and development-centered evaluation result is offered. Now, we observed how suitability values and grading were changed, ordering to change grade distribution system from $20{\sim}100$ to $0{\sim}100$. In result, it showed changes of grades in some parcels. And in case of suitability values, 87% of parcels decreased to minimum 1 point, maximum 70 points. It means that changing grade distribution system of assessment system II doesn't have only influence on suitability values and grading but it is also an empirical analysis because of considering both development and maintenance.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.sup
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• pp.1-6
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• 2011

Korean Government announced 'The Roadmap to realize a low carbon green society on year 2020' on July 12, 2011 in order to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Non-energy category of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (FAFF) should mitigate 1,349 kilo $CO_2$-equivalent ($CO_2$-eq.) tonnes which is 7.1% of Business-As-Usual on year 2020. The mitigation from animal manure treatment system (AMTS) comprises ca. 45% of the total mitigated amount of Non-energy category of FAFF. Hence, the precise evaluation of GHG emissions from AMTS is important to find effective mitigation measures. Life cycle assessment was used to evaluate GHG emissions from AMTS. The most GHG emitter was a composting/liquid fertilizer/activated sludge system (1,649.45 kg $CO_2$-eq./head/year) and the least GHG emitter was a activated liquid fertilizer system (1,024.46 kg $CO_2$-eq./head/year). Thermophilic oxic process showed the highest ratio (34.9%) of GHG emissions by the use of electricity to total GHG emissions from systems. Energy efficiency should be considered to mitigate GHG emissions from AMTS.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.125-129
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• 2011

Environmental risk assessment (RA) is essential prior to the environmental release of GM crops. RA, however, costs at least 7 to 15 million US dollars and requires several years to complete field tests. Therefore, it is strongly suggested that developers of GM crops must consider all criteria for RA at the beginning stage of the development if it aims for commercialization. Previous review papers have pointed out that the "death valley" for the commercialization of GM crops is the screening stage of early GM events since many candidates are given up due to insufficient data on the molecular characterization of a GM event such as inserted gene's copy number, position of inserted site of a chromosome, flanking sequence of recombinant T-DNA, rearrangement of chromosome, and knock out of endogenous gene of host plant. Recently, Rural Development Administration (RDA) in South Korea has launched a Grand National Project named as "Next Generation of BioGreen 21 Project" from 2011 to 2020 and research funding for the development of global GM crops has been allocated to accelerate the commercialization of GM crops. In this regard, I strongly suggest that researchers involved in the development of GM crops for commercialization must conduct RA by themselves at the screening stage of pre-GM event based on the data for molecular characterization.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.285-290
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• 2008

Morphological characteristics of the cross-bred $F_1$ hybrid between female Paralichthys olivaceus and male Platichthys stellatus were studied. The hybrids showed common biological characteristics of both parents, but showed more morphological similarity to P. stellatus than P. olivaceusin the following biometries: higher ratios of body length to body height (56.3%), head length to snout length (20.6%), and head length to upper jaw length (34.2%). They also showed some significant biometric characteristics similar to P. stellatus, such as ratios of predorsal length (10.5%), prepectoral length (32.2%), preventral length (29.8%), and preanal length (28.0%) to body length. The hybrids had black spots on the dark brownish-green area near the eyes, and they lacked the small bony tubercles that area characteristic of Platichthys stellatus. The hybrids had unique bands: 6~20 bands on the dorsal fin and 5~10 bands on the anal fin that gradually lost their coloration towards the fin margins. The number of fin rays were 60~66 for dorsal fin, 40~51 for anal fin, 18~21 for caudal fin, and 11~12 for pectoral fin. The gills of the hybrids contained 13~18 gill rakers and 73~98 gill filaments. The vertebrae of the hybrids numbered 34~37, with 2~3 vertebrae fused from the start of the caudal vertebrae.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 2013

Agri-food garlic has been recognized as healthful because of its antibacterial, anticancer and antioxidant effects. As such, its consumption is steadily increasing. This study was conducted to amplify the healthful ingredient of garlic, allicin, using light irradiation. The following conclusions were drawn from the investigation of peeled garlic under various conditions like fluorescent lighting, color (green, yellow, blue and red) and ultraviolet light (UV-A, UV-B and UV-C). The allicin content increased most with the 15-second $0.129W/m^2$ (40 W) UV-B treatment of the garlic at a 700 mm distance from the light source. At the treatment of the garlic with 126 lx (40W) red light for 24 hours at a 700 mm distance from the light source, its allicin content increased from $15.15{\pm}0.25mg/g$ to $15.15{\pm}0.34mg/g$, for a 10-percent amplification effect. Therefore, it is believed that the healthfulness of garlic can be amplified through irradiation processing of its healthful ingredient, allicin, and the development of its processing unit.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2007

The importance of genetic resources conservation and utilization for economy and the health and well-being of societies in general is recognized all over the world. Mulberry genetic resources contain many natural components and are considerable resource for functional sericulture. We carried out antioxidative capacity analysis of mulberry leaves that were collected from Korea and some of foreign countries and preserved in the greenhouse. The mean antioxidant capacity of 34 accessions was 892.30nmol(ascorbic acid equivalent). Also we evaluated fruity characteristics and selected 4 accessions as breeding resources for the production of mulberry fruit. To investigate the effect of tea on antioxidative capacity, five kinds of tea(coffee mix, green tea added brown rice, mulberry leaf tea, Polygonatum odoratum tea and black tea added lemon) were selected and analyzed. Their's antioxidative capacity were 2,531.01nmol, 1,867.42nmol, 1,053.72nmol, 292.71nmol and 188.91nmol, respectively. The antioxidative capacity of drinking water soaked with mulberry leaf showed 891.96nmol.