• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.879-884
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• 2009

Allium tuberosum Rotter (Liliaceae, Chinese chives) is a perennial herb of which leaves are used for food. This study investigated the effect of pretreatment on quality of dehydrated Chinese chives. Chinese chives was blanched at $80^{\circ}C$ for 20 sec, followed by drying at $70^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$, $100^{\circ}C$, or drying at $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min and subsequent drying at $70^{\circ}C$, or $100^{\circ}C$ for 60 min and subsequent drying at $70^{\circ}C$. Optimum drying temperature and time was $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min and subsequent drying at $70^{\circ}C$, or $100^{\circ}C$ for 60 min and subsequent drying at $70^{\circ}C$. These conditions were shortened time for dehydration and showed smaller decrease than others in Hunter color L, a, b. Dehydrated Chinese chives showed a constant decrease in greenness with storage, probably due to destruction of chlorophyll by light. In the measurement of Hunter color L, a, b, these conditions showed smaller decrease than others in Hunter color for 15 week storage. Chlorophyll content and SOD (superoxide dismutase)-like activity in that condition was higher than others. It was assumed that a phenolic compound that forms its thermostable activity. The fitness of drying models was conducted in order to explain reducing chlorophyll loss and SOD (superoxide dismutase)-like activity loss. Based upon the chlorophyll content, SOD-like activity, and retention of green color of the vegetable, optimum drying conditions was $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min followed by $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min and subsequent drying at $70^{\circ}C$, or $100^{\circ}C$ for 60 min and subsequent drying at $70^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: As improved LEDs (Light Emitting Diode) industry and decreased the price of LEDs in Korea, some farmers try to using the RED LEDs in green house and open field to increase the production of crop under bad weather condition. The aim of this study is to find out the effect of RED and FAR-RED LEDs lighting on the fruit quality of twelve-year old 'Hongro'/M.26 apple during night after sunset. METHODS AND RESULTS: FAR-RED (730nm, 2 and 4 hour) and RED (620nm, 2 and 4 hour) with 20 LED/PCB were treated in orchard for 16 weeks from June 10 to October 10 in 2009 and 2010 with control as an comparison. In our experiments, leaf weight was significantly higher in RED LEDs than control, tended to be decreased as times of FAR-RED lighting increased. Fruit weight was increased more in RED LEDs than control in 2009 and 2010, but decreased in FAR-RED lighting compared to control in 2010. Firmness and Hunter's a value of fruit were increased in FAR-RED lighting with 2 and 4 h than control. Soluble solid contents were higher in 2 h RED and 2, 4 h FAR-RED LEDs compared to control in 2009, there was no significant difference in 2010. Acid contents were no difference among the treatments. CONCLUSION(S): In our results, we found that RED LEDs was more helpful to increase the fruit weight and FAR-RED LEDs promote to be higher hunter a value of fruit skin. So, we thought that it is necessary to more study if mixed of RED and FAR-RED lighting is more helpful to promote fruit quality of 'Hongro' apple than single lighting of RED or FAR-RED LEDs respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.24-32
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• 1999

To develope appropriate soil base for planting on the artificial ground, 9 kinds of soil types(varying the components and mixing ratios) and 3 levels of soil depths(10cm, 15cm, 20cm) were chosen. And their plant growing effects were tested and analysed from the test plant Zoysia japonica. The results of the research are as follows. 1. Among the 9 type of soil mixtures, the "sandy loam" soil type gave the worst effects on germination, disease contamination and ground covering. 2. The soil types like VSH(vermiculite20%+sand70%+humus sawdust10%), VSS(vermiculite 40%+sand 50%+humus sawdust 10%) and VS(vermiculite 70%+sand 30%), where vermiculite and sand were added to, show better germination effect promoted from the better condition of aeration and saturation. 3. The plant growing effects(leaf length and ground covering ratio) was evident under the soil types like VSH(vermiculite20%+sand70%+humus sawdust10%) and VSS(vermiculite40%+sand50%+humus sawdust10%), where organic matters were added to. 4. Vermiculite added soil types effect fast leaf decolorization on the tested Zoysia japonica plant, on the contrary to organic matter mixed soil types including SCS(sandy loam 50%+carbonized rice husk30%+sand20%) and SHS(sandy loam 50%+humus sawdust30%+sand20%) with which green leaves subsist longer. S. Soil depth effect to plant growth was found. And a favorable covering rate was accomplished even at the soil depth of 15cm - the limit soil depth for grass survival - from the soil types where organic matters were mixed to. From this result, the soil depth limit for plant survival could be said to be shall owed if appropriate soil type were based.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.408-419
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• 2006

A pot experiment was conducted for two years to evaluate the effects of purified Si fertilization combined with $^{15}N$ on the nutrient uptake, plant growth characteristics, and photosynthetic characteristics of rice in water melon cultivated soil. In 2002, plant height was positively affected at 25 DAT (Day After Transplanting) by Si fertilization in 100%N treatment. However, in 2003, plant height at 25 DAT was negatively affected by Si fertilization in low N level but it was reversed in high N level with initial increase of plant height. Tiller number per pot was positively affected by N and Si fertilization level, especially for high N fertilized treatment. Leaf color was positively affected by Si fertilizatlon in no N fertilized pots, however, Si was not effected in 50%N and 100%N fertilized treatments. N harvest index (NHI) increased with increased Si fertilization in no N plots, however it decreased with increasing of N fertilization level. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) decreased with increasing of fertilized N but Si fertilization increased NUE in 50%N plots, however, it was not different by the Si fertilization level in 100%N plots. In 50%N+200%Si plots, NUE was greatest with 130 and shoot N content was $16.2g-N/m^{2}$. N content ($g/m^{2}$) in rice plant increased with increasing Si fertilization in no N plots at panicle initiation stage, 50 and 100%N plots at heading stage and all N treatment at harvesting time. This was mostly more efficient in late growth stage than early growth stage. The concentration (%) of P and K increased with increasing N fertilization level at heading and harvesting but it was not significantly different by the Si fertilization treatment except a little decreasing with increasing Si fertilization level at heading. Potassium content was also not significantly related with N fertilization level except increasing with Si fertilization level at panicle initiation stage. Plant Ca content (%) decreased with increasing of Si fertilization at heading stage and Si fertilization increased Ca content at panicle initiation stage and heading stage and it increased with increasing of Si fertilization level. Photosynthetic activity was not directly related with Si fertilization amount, however, Fluorescent factors, Fv'/Fm' and PsII, were positively affected by Si fertilization level. In conclusion, N fertilization in Si 200% fertilized condition should be reduced by about 50% level of recommended N fertilization for rice cropping in green-house water-melon cultivated paddy field. However, improvement of Ps by Si fertilization could not be attributed to Ps activity in the same leaf area but because of increased total leaf area per pot improved fluorescent characteristics.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.283-288
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• 2018

As the use of environmentally friendly and non-disease natural pigments grows, various methods for extracting natural pigments have been studied. The natural color was extracted from parsley, a vegetable ingredient containing natural dyes. Target color codes of green series of natural dyes extracted as variables #50932C (L = 55.0, a = -40.0, b = 46.0) were set with the pH and temperature of extracted natural color coordinates (of the extracted), and the quantitative intensities of natural dyes were analyzed. During the colorimetric analysis predicted by the reaction surface analysis method, a color coordinate analysis was conducted under the optimal conditions of pH 8.0 and extraction temperature of $60.9^{\circ}C$. Under these conditions, predicted figures of L, a, and b were 55.0, -36.3, and 36.8, respectively, while actual experimental ones confirmed were 69.0, -35.9, and 31.4, respectively. In these results, the theory accuracy and actual error rate were confirmed to be 73.0 and 13.8%, respectively. The theoretical optimization condition of the color difference (${\Delta}E$) was at the pH of 9.2 and extraction temperature of $55.2^{\circ}C$. Under these conditions the predicted ${\Delta}E$ figure was 12.4 while the experimental one was 13.0. The difference in color analysis showed 97.5% of the theoretical accuracy and 4.5% of the actual error rate. However, the combination of color coordinates did not represent a desired target color, but rather close to the targeted color by means of an arithmetic mean. Therefore, it can be said that when the reaction surface analysis method was applied to the natural dye extraction process, the use of color coordinates as a response value can be a better method for optimizing the dye extraction process.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.719-733
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of no-tillage on sequential cropping supported from recycling of first crop ridge on the productivity of crop and physical properties of soil under green house condition. This study is a part of "No-tillage agriculture of Korea-type on recycled ridge". From results for distribution of soil particle size with time process after tillage, soil particles were composed with granular structure in both tillage and no-tillage. No-tillage soil in distribution of above 2 mm soil particle increased at top soil and subsoil compared with tillage soil. Tillage and one year of no-tillage soil were not a significant difference at above 0.25 mm~below 0.5 mm, above 0.5 mm~below 1.0 mm, and above 1.0 mm of water-stable aggregate. Two years of no-tillage soil was significantly increased by 8.2%, 4.5%, and 1.7% at above 0.25 mm~below 0.5 mm, above 0.5 mm~below 1.0 mm, and above 1.0 mm of water-stable aggregate, respectively, compared with one year of no-tillage. Bulk density of top soil was $1.10MG\;m^3$ at tillage and $1.30MG\;m^3$ at one year of no-tillage. Bulk density of top soil was $1.14MG\;m^3$ at two years and $1.03MG\;m^3$ at three years of no-tillage, respectively. Bulk density of subsoil was a similar tendency. Solid phase ratio in top soil and subsoil was increased at one year of no-tillage compared with tillage soil, while soil phase ratio decreased at two and three years of no-tillage. Pore space ratio in tillage top soil (58.5%) was decreased by 8.5% at compared with no-tillage soil (51.0%). Pore space ratio was 56.9% and 61.2% at two and three years of no-tillage soil, respectively. Subsoil was a similar tendency. Gaseous phase ratio was decreased at one year of no-tillage soil, and increased at two and three years of no-tillage soil compared with tillage soil. Liquid phase ratio in top soil was increased at one year of no-tillage (28.3%), and decreased at two years (23.4%) and at three years (18.3 %) of no-tillage soil compared with tillage soil (24.2%). Subsoil was a similar tendency. Liquid phase ratio in subsoil was increased than top soil.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.33-47
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• 2011

One of the most fundamental jobs of contemporary government is to look into various ways of providing its citizens with the best service work. This study aims to establish a procedure through which to consign the management of city parks to private companies, thus inviting participation and satisfaction on the part of citizens. In particular, this procedure includes creating a system of selecting private managing companies, for instance, specifying standards of selection and assembling selection committees. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, city parks can be managed better by private companies than by local governments in terms of cost cuts, personnel training, business efficiency, and know-how accumulation. The legal background for this is found in central and local legal articles. Second, it is recommended that the selection committee be composed of 6 to 9 members, both insiders and outsiders. In addition to selecting private managing companies for contracting-out, the committee should under take the role of consulting on how to perform and revise selecting standards, so that they can continue to improve these procedures. Third, the decision on private management should be noticed in advance and be made based on standards considering each local government's condition. These standards should consider the aspects of the public good, cost saving, quality of service, managing supervision, and citizen participation. The committee's assessment takes into account both the quality and the quantity of the standards. Fourth, the contracting-out for city park management should follow the order of: announcing consignment and receiving applicants, organizing selection committees and assessing applications, selecting and contracting, midterm evaluation, and re-announcement and re-consignment. To run city parks through the contracting-out is expected to increase the number of park visitors. Additionally, private consignment will involve a participation of diverse citizenship, thus playing an important role in city parks' building of a green-culture community.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2018

Soybean sprouts have good digestibility, high isoflavone content compared with soybean seeds, and large amounts of aspartic acid, which is effective in eliminating hangovers. However, the region between the cotyledon and hypocotyl in soybean sprouts appears purple, the product value of soybean sprouts reduces. To date, the scientific correlation among factors such as growth temperature, spray water temperature, and cultivation periods for soybean varieties related to purple color expression between the cotyledon and hypocotyl of soybean sprouts are unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors regulating the expression of purple color between the cotyledon and hypocotyl of soybean sprouts. Of 15 Korean soybean varieties with purple color in the hypocotyls and flowers, 9 varieties, including Sowonkong, Wonhwang, Sinhwa, Eunhakong, Pungsannamulkong, Paldonamulkong, Kwangankong, Shingang, and Jangki showed purple color between the cotyledon and hypocotyl of sprouts. However, the remaining six cultivars, including Dachae, Myeongjunamulkong, Sobaeknamulkong, Sojinnamulkong, Anpyeong, and Jonam, did not show purple color. The proportion of soybean sprouts with purple hypocotyls was the lowest at $26^{\circ}C$ and there was no significant difference at the other three cultivation temperature conditions ($17^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, and $23^{\circ}C$). Similar to the results of the cultivation temperature experiment at five different spray water temperatures ($10^{\circ}C$, $17^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, $23^{\circ}C$, and $26^{\circ}C$), the proportion of soybean sprouts with purple hypocotyls was the highest at the lowest spray water temperature ($10^{\circ}C$), and lowest at the highest temperature. Additionally, there was no purple color expression in soybean sprout hypocotyls on the $3^{rd}$ day after soybean sprouting. However, the highest expression level was observed on the $4^{th}$ day. Then, on the $5^{th}$ day, the proportion of soybean sprouts with purple hypocotyls reduced significantly, compared with that on the $4^{th}$ day. The results showed that interaction among these factors under cultivation conditions was remarkably effective for the expression of purple color in hypocotyls under the dark condition. These results suggested that cultivation temperature and spray water temperature for purple color expression in soybean sprout hypocotyls are the most important factors in the sprout cultivation environment.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.113-123
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• 2020

Global climatic change and increasing climatic instability threaten crop productivity. Due to climatic change, drought stress is occurring more frequently in crop fields. In this study, we investigated the effect of treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) before leaf development on the growth and yield of sorghum for minimizing the damage of crops to drought. To assess the effect of H₂O₂ on the growth of sorghum plant, 10 mM H₂O₂ was used to treat sorghum leaves at the 3-leaf stage during growth in field conditions. Plant height, stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width were increased by 7.6%, 9.6%, 8.3% and 11.5%, respectively. SPAD value, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate were increased by 3.0%, 4.9%, 26.0%, 23.4% and 12.7%, respectively. The amount of H₂O₂ in the leaf tissue of sorghum plant treated with 10 mM H₂O₂ was 0.7% of the applied amount after 1 hour. The level increased to approximately 1.0% after 6 hours. The highest antioxidant activity measured by the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity assay was 847.3 µmol·g^-1 at 6 hour after treatment. However, in the well-watered condition, the concentration of H₂O₂ in the plant treated by the foliar application of H₂O₂ was 227.8 µmol·g^-1 higher than that of the untreated control. H₂O₂ treatment improved all the yield components and yield-related factors. Panicle length, plant dry weight, panicle weight, seed weight per plant, seed weight per unit area, and thousand seed weight were increased by 8.8%, 18.0%, 24.4%, 24.7%, 29.9% and 7.1%, respectively. Proteomic analysis showed that H₂O₂ treatment in sorghum increased the tolerance to drought stress and maintained growth and yield by ameliorating oxidative stress.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.350-357
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• 2014

We studied on pesticide residue and pest control effect when using various types of sprayers on paprika cultivation. Additionally, a test was conducted to optimize chemical content per unit area in condition of optimum pest control. Two types of sprayer were tested (three times) on paprika cultivation which was divided into seven sections. Blind spots were also examined using a water sensitive paper when spraying chemical pesticide, remote controlled sprayer were confirmed to be not effective in terms of its spraying capacity. However, a U-shaped sprayer was confirmed that it sprayed enough on all the parts of a plant in green house including the blind spots. Additionally, it does not exceed the minimum residue limits on the all parts of pesticides residue conditions. When using remote controlled sprayer, water sensitive paper were changed to blue color (82.5% and 81.2%) in terms of controlling Bemisia tabaci and Aphis gossypii based on the two spraying manners. 53.0% and 42.6% of control effect were shown on the fair parts of the plants. However, on the poor parts on which pesticides were not well-sprayed, thus, not-remained, more number of pests increased. Meanwhile, on farming that only one type of pesticide has been used, resistance pests present with very low control effect, even though sufficient amount of pesticide was well-sprayed. On the test of the optimum amount of spraying per a unit area, which shows no differences in the two cases of using 5L and 2.5L of chemical pesticides on 9 plants of paprika that has 81.8% and 84.5% control effect, respectively.