• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.115-123
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• 2011

Although Guleopdo is small island of only $1.71\;km^2$, the endangered butterfly species, Argynnis nerippe, is abundant there. This study was carried out to estimate the abundance of A. nerippe in Guleopdo, using quadrate, mark-recapture, and line-transect methods. Although the study was insufficient, the population size was estimated at 4,467 to 6,700 larvae and approx. 1,000 adults. A. nerippe was the most abundant among butterfly species in Guleopdo, and it comprised 32% of the total butterflies. A total of 28 butterfly species were observed in this study, and 3 species of these species were migrating species. When the abundance of A. nerippe throughout the country during the period from 1938 to 2010 was studied, we found that it decreased abruptly in the 2000s. Presently, A. nerippe inhabits a few locations in the mid-northern region and western islands. The relatively high numbers of A. nerippe in Guleopdo was due to conservation of natural grasslands and grazing of livestock, which provides adequate habitat for this species.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.11.2-11.2
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• 2011

Polymer based organic photovoltaics have attracted a great deal of attention due to the potential cost-effectiveness of light-weight and flexible solar cells. However, most BHJ polymer solar cells are not thermally stable as subsequent exposure to heat drives further development of the morphology towards a state of macrophase separation in the micrometer scale. Here we would like to show three different approaches for developing new electroactive polymers to improve the thermal stability of the BHJ solar cells, which is a critical problem for the commercialization of these solar cells. For one of the examples, we report a new series of functionalized polythiophene (PT-x) copolymers for use in solution processed organic photovoltaics (OPVs). PT-x copolymers were synthesized from two different monomers, where the ratio of the monomers was carefully controlled to achieve a UV photo-crosslinkable layer while leaving the ${\pi}-{\pi}$ stacking feature of conjugated polymers unchanged. The crosslinking stabilizes PT-x/PCBM blend morphology preventing the macro phase separation between two components, which lead to OPVs with remarkably enhanced thermal stability. The drastic improvement in thermal stabilities is further characterized by microscopy as well as grazing incidence X-ray scattering (GIXS). In the second part of talk, we will discuss the use of block copolymers as active materials for WOLEDs in which phosphorescent emitter isolation can be achieved. We have exploited the use of triarylamine (TPA) oxadiazole (OXA) diblock copolymers (TPA-b-OXA), which have been used as host materials due to their high triplet energy and charge-transport properties enabling a balance of holes and electrons. Organization of phosphorescent domains in TPA-b-OXA block copolymers is demonstrated to yield dual emission for white electroluminescence. Our approach minimizes energy transfer between two colored species by site isolation through morphology control, allowing higher loading concentration of red emitters with improved device performance. Furthermore, by varying the molecular weight of TPA-b-OXA and the ratio of blue to red emitters, we have investigated the effect of domain spacing on the electroluminescence spectrum and device performance.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.4 no.1_2
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• pp.8-24
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• 1981

This paper contains the results obtained by ecological investigation of flora in Sogumoon Island of the southern coast in Korea. Fifty varieties, 455 species, 322 genera and 104 family of Tracheophyta were recorded island showed a plant community predcominated by Pinus thunbergii grwon in miggle with Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, Machilus thunbergii, Litsea japonica, Albizzia julibrissin, Carpinus coreana, Carpinus laxiflora, Mallotus japonica and Clerodendron trichotomum. Sixtythree species in Sogumoon Island and 64 species in Pogil Island of evergreen broad-leaved trees were recorded by this investitgations. The plant resources of this island were 203 species. The evergreen broad-leaved trees of this island wre valuable for landscaping material plants and the evergreenherbs were valuable for foliage-plants resources. The flora breaking in this island was due to cuttinf for fuel and grazing cattle and goats. Therefore Machilus thunbergii, Ardisia japonica, Ficus miponica, Kadsura japonica, Daphniphyllum macropodum, etc. should be preserved. Autochonous flora of Buxus microphyllac, Fius erecta, Machilus thunbergii, Kadsura japonica, Ardisia japonica, Mitchella undulata, etc. should be preserved.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.389-395
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• 1992

Nutritional status of trace minerals (Se, Cu and Zn) in goats grazed on the native pasture was investigated during 2 years in Luzon Island, Republic of the Philippines. Three regions (South, Central and North) were objected to collect the samples of blood of goats and forages on the pasture. Se content of major species forages in the pasture was $24.7{\mu}g/kg$ DM, and was clearly lower than the value ($200{\mu}g/kg$ DM) required commonly for ruminant feed. The Cu and Zn contents of all forage samples ranged from 7.6 to 24.3 and 11.4 to 50.6 mg/kg DM, respectively, and these values almost exceeded the dietary level required for sheep. The blood Se levels in about 55% of goats grazed alone were under the normal range ($20{\mu}g/l$), but it in goats fed some concentrates as a supplement were almost within a normal ranges ($20-200{\mu}g/l$), though the Cu content of forages almost exceeded the dietary level required commonly. The 4-13% of plasma samples of goats without supplement showed the Zn level below the lower limit (0.6 mg/l) of normal range. The Zn deficiency was mostly improved by the addition of a small amount of concentrates. From these results, it will be necessary to study about unstable Cu status of grazed goats in Luzon Island regarding an interaction of Cu and other elements known to relate to the malabsorption of dietary Cu.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.837-842
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• 2007

This study was conducted to test the effect of residual Al on plankton community after dissolved air flotation (DAF) application. Growth rate of phytoplankton after DAF application ($0.37day^{-1}$) was about 2 times lower than that before DAF application ($0.70day^{-1}$). Under the condition of addition of nitrogen and phosphorus without light, growth rate phytoplankton in treatment without residual Al increased in difference with showing the negative growth rate in treatment with residual Al. Under the condition of light without addition of nutrient, growth rate of phytoplankton was no noticeable difference between the before and after DAF application. The relatively high settling rate (0.47 m/day) was observed in treatment after DAF application. Although the abundance of rotifer decreased, the abundance of copepod and cladoceran such as Daphnia galeata, Diaphanosoma sp. and Bosmina longirostris with relative higher grazing was no noticeable difference between the before and after DAF application. In the treatments before and after DAF application with zooplankton, growth rate of phytoplankton was $0.41{\pm}0.08day^{-1}$, $0.20{\pm}0.03day^{-1}$, respectively. This difference was in treatment after DAF application similar with those in treatments before and after DAF application without zooplankton. Those indicate that the filter-feeding effect of zooplankton on phytoplankton community may be not changed by residual Al after the DAF application. These results suggest that residual Al after DAF application be to improve water quality by inhibition of growth rate as well as increasing settling rate of phytoplankton.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.3.1-3.12
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• 2022

Background: Domestic yaks are the most important livestock species on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Adult female yaks normally breed in the warm season (July to September) and enter anestrous in the cold season (November to April). Nevertheless, it is unclear how ovarian activity is regulated at the molecular level. Objectives: The peculiarities of yak reproduction were assessed to explore the molecular mechanism of postpartum anestrus ovaries in yaks after pregnancy and parturition. Methods: Sixty female yaks with calves were observed under natural grazing in Haiyan County, Qinghai Province. Three yak ovaries in pregnancy and postpartum anestrus were collected. RNA sequencing and quantitative proteomics were employed to analyze the pregnancy and postpartum ovaries after hypothermia to identify the genes and proteins related to the postpartum ovarian cycle. Results: The results revealed 841 differentially expressed genes during the postpartum hypoestrus cycle; 347 were up-regulated and 494 genes were down-regulated. Fifty-seven differential proteins were screened: 38 were up-regulated and 19 were down-regulated. The differential genes and proteins were related to the yak reproduction process, rhythm process, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and MAPK signaling pathway categories. Conclusions: Transcriptome and proteomic sequencing approaches were used to investigate postpartum anestrus and pregnancy ovaries in yaks. The results confirmed that BHLHE40, SF1IX1, FBPX1, HSPCA, LHCGR, BMP15, and ET-1R could affect postpartum hypoestrus and control the state of estrus.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 1996

Hehage production, botanical composition and soil chemical characteristics were investigated Ween new pastures and old pastures during grazing seasons from May 1993 to October 1994, to find out the condition of pastures grazed by horses on Chdu. Dry matter yields between new pastures and old pastures were 8,757kglha and 7,486kglha respectively. Plant heights of new pastures were 17.4cm. compared with those of old pastures of 12.lcm. The botanical composition of new pastures was composed of grasses about 402, legumes 7~14%, others 18-30% and dead materials 18~ 25%. whiie there were grasses 12%, legumes 3~7%, others 65% and dead materials 15% in old pastures. The contents of crude protein, phosphoms and sodium were lower in old pastures(l3.30, 0.24 and 0.10% respectively) than those in new pastures(l5.47, 0.28 and 0.14% respectively). There was no difference in ADF, NDF, Ca, Mg and K content between the 2 kinds of pastures. The chemical characteristics of the 2 kinds of pastures was shown to be similar, except available phosphorus, comparing 8.18ppm in old pastures with 84.43ppm in new pastures. Although the herbage yield and the soil characteristics of old pastures were lower than those of new pastures, we suppose that the old pastures would be improved, if taken good care of by methods such as oversowing and sometimes applying fertilizer.

• Water Engineering Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.55-68
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• 2004

The GLEAMS (Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management System, version 3.0) water quality model was used to predict hydrology and water quality and to evaluate the effects of soil types from a cattle-grazed pasture field of Bermuda-Rye grass rotation with poultry litter application as a fertilizer in North Alabama. The model was applied and evaluated by using four years (1999-2002) of field-measured data to compare the simulated results for the 2.71- ha Summerford watershed. $R^2$ values between observed and simulated runoff, sediment yields, TN, and TP were 0.91, 0.86, 0.95, and 0.69, respectively. EI (Efficiency Index) of these parameters were 0.86, 0.67, 0.70, and 0.48, respectively. The statistical parameters indicated that GLEAMS provided a reasonable estimation of the runoff, sediment yield, and nutrient losses at the studied watershed. The soil infiltration rates were compared with the rainfall events. Only high intensity rainfall events generated runoff from the watershed. The measured and predicted infiltration rates were higher during dry soil conditions than wet soil conditions. The ratio of runoff to precipitation was ranging from 2.2% to 8.8% with average of 4.3%. This shows that the project site had high infiltration and evapotranspiration which generated the low runoff. The ratio of runoff to precipitation according to soil types by the GLEAMS model appeared that Sa (Sequatchie fine sandy loam) soil type was higher and Wc (Waynesboro fine sandy loam, severely eroded rolling phase) soil type relatively lower than the weighted average of the soil types in the watershed. The model under-predicted runoff, sediment yields, TN, and TP in Wb (Waynesboro fine sandy loam, eroded undulating phase) and Wc soil types. General tendency of the predicted data was similar for all soil types. The model predicted the highest runoff in Sa soil type by 105% of the weighted average and the lowest runoff in Wc soil type by 87% of the weighted average

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.470-478
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• 2015

A heuristic method treating a layered ocean bottom in a ray modeling is to use the plane wave reflection coefficient for multiple-layered structure, named an one-layer assumption in this paper. We examine the validity of one-layer assumption in the case of two-layered ocean bottom, and obtain a simple inequality condition depending on the sound speed ratio, the ratio of layer thickness to source-receiver range, and the grazing angle of first reflected ray. From this inequality condition, it is shown that an one-layer assumption can be applicable to ray propagation problems at mid frequencies. Finally, numerical experiments are performed in the ocean environment similar to the East Sea in Korea. Incoherent transmission loss is calculated by the geometrical beam model with the plane wave reflection coefficient for multiple-layered ocean bottom and compared with the result of SNUPE 2.0, which is a parabolic equation package developed in Seoul National University.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.444-454
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• 2015

Measurements of bottom backscattering strengths in a frequency range of 6-14 kHz were made on the shallow water off the southern Gyeonggi Bay in Yellow Sea in May 2013, as part of the KIOST-HYU joint acoustics experiment. Geological surveys for the experimental area were performed using multi-beam echo sounder, sparker system, and grab sampling to investigate the bottom topography, sub-bottom profile and composition of surficial sediment, respectively. In this paper, the backscattering strengths as a function of grazing angle (in range of $28^{\circ}{\sim}69^{\circ}$) were estimated and compared to the predictions obtained by Lambert's law and APL-UW scattering model. Finally, the effects of geoacoustic parameters corresponding to the experimental area on the backscattering strengths are discussed.