• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2011

Geological survey on the occurrence of copper oxide in Suparaura area around Abancay in the south-central part of Peru had been carried out. Geology of the area is composed of granitoids such as granodiorite, tonalite and andesitic porphyry related to Tertiary igneous activity, Ferrobamba formation with Cretaceous limestone and sandstone in descending order. Red sandstone is widely distributed and emplaced with their attitude of $N70^{\circ}W$ strike and $60^{\circ}NE$ dip. Copper oxides were mineralized along the bedding plane of red sandstone with maximum width of 30 cm. Ore-body structure bounding red sandstone strata have different occurrence characteristics with generally known porphyry system in terms of alteration, mineral assemblage and occurrence mode. Therefore, it is thought to be stratiform sediment-hosted copper (SSC) deposits genetically corresponding to Mississippi-valley type from preliminary study.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.35-57
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• 1990

This study has been carried out on the Pegmatites, Naedeogri Granites, Nonggeori Granites and Metasedimentary rocks in the middle area of Taebaeksan region to investigate the geochemical properties and possibility of productivity. Pegmatites are characterized by metamorphosed anatectic pegmatite and differentiated magmatic pegmatite, and are mixed type of rare-element pegmatite and mica-bearing pegmatite by the classification of Ginsburg(1979). The petrological type of the igneous rocks is thought to be calcalkali, subalkaline and peralumious. According to chemical variations against D. I., differentiation trends from Naedeogri and Nonggeori Granites through non-mineralized pegmatites to mineralized pegmatites are supposed. From the relationship between oxided and $SiO_2$, pegmatites and Nonggeori Granite have shown similar tendencies and bulk composition of pegmatites and similar to metasedimentary rocks near the intrusives. By judging the correlations of trace elements, it is elucidated that pegmatites adjacent to Naedeogri and Nonggeori Granites have been originated in magma differentiation from these granites and the others have been differentiated by remelting or partial melting from metasedimentary rocks. $Sp_5$, $Sp_8$, and $Sp_9$ pegmatites are considered as productive rocks, and $Sp_4$, $Sp_6$, $Sp_7$, $Sp_{10}$, $Sp_{11}$, and $Sp_{12}$ pegmatites and granites are supposed to have a weak productivity, in terms of element ratios related with Sn mineralizations. Tourmalines in productive pegmatites are formed under the circumstance of Li-poor granitoids and associated with pegmatites, and the others are seemed to be originated in metapelites and metapsammites which are not coexisting with an Al-saturating phase. Three types of chemical zoning are noticed in tourmalines: (1) apparently homogeneous compositional patterns, (2) a continuous core-to-rim zoning and, (3) a discontinuous core-to-rim zoning. From results of EPMA of tourmalines, Al, Mg and Ca increase closer to rim, while Fe decreases.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.277-290
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• 1998

The purpose of this research is to investigate the dispersion pattern of gold during skarnization and genesis of gold mineralization in the Sangdong skarn deposits. The Sangdong scheelite orebodies are embedded in the Cambrian Pungchon Limestone and limestone interbedded in the Myobong Slate of the Cambrian age. The tungsten deposits are classified as the Hangingwall Orebody, the Main Orebody and the Footwall Orebody as their stratigraphic locations. Recently, the Sangdong granite of the Cretaceous age (85 Ma) were found by underground exploratory drillings below the orebodies. In geochemisty, the W, Mo, Bi and F concentrations in the granite are significantly higher than those in the Cretaceous granitoids in southern Korea. Highest gold contents are associated with quartz-hornblende skarn in the Main Orebody and pyroxene-hornblende skarn in the Hangingwall Orebody. Also Au contents are closely related to Bi contents. This could be inferred that Au skarns formed from solutions under reduced environment at a temperature of $270^{\circ}C$. According to the multiple regression analysis, the variation of Au contents in the Main Orebody can be explained (87.5%) by Ag, As, Bi, Sb, Pb, Cu. Judging from the mineralogical, chemical and isotope studies, the genetic model of the deposits can be suggested as follows. The primitive Sangdong magma was enriched in W, Mo, Au, Bi and volatiles (metal-carriers such as $H_2O$, $CO_2$ and F). During the upward movement of hydrothermal ore solution, the temperature was decreased, and W deposits were formed at limestone (in the Myobong Slate and Pungchon Limestone). In addition, meteoric water influx gave rise to the retrogressive alterations and maximum solubility of gold, and consequently higher grade of Au mineralization was deposited.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.123-137
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• 1995

The Mesozoic Geumsan granitic rocks of various composition are distributed in the Geumsan district, the central part of the Ogcheon Fold Belt. About 40 ore deposits of $CaF_2{\pm}Au{\pm}Ag{\pm}Cu{\pm}Pb{\pm}Zn$ are widely distributed in this district and are believed to be genetically related to the granitic rocks. Based on their petrography and geochemistry, the granitic rocks in this district can be classified into two groups ; the Group I( equigranular leucocratic granite, porphyritic biotite granite, porphyritic pink-feldspar granite, seriate leucocratic granite) and the Group II(seriate pinkfeldspar granite, equigranular alkali-feldspar granite, equigranular pink-feldspar granite, miarolitic pink-feldspar granite, equigranular biotite granite). Interpreted from their isotopic dating data and geochemical characteristics, the Group I and the Group II are inferred to be emplaced during the Jurassic(~184Ma), and the Cretaceous to the early Tertiary period(~59Ma), respectively. Both Group I and Group II generally belong to magnetite-series granitoids. The Cretaceous granitic rocks of Group II are more highly evolved than those of the Jurassic Group I. The Rb-Sr variation diagram suggests that the granitic rocks of the Jurassic Group I and of the Cretaceous Group II be evolved mainly during the processes of fractional crystallization and partial melting, respectively.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.287-303
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• 1995

Tungsten ore deposits in China show clearly their relationship between granitoids and orebodies. All kinds of different tungsten ore deposits, having the largest ore reserves in the world, occur in China. Major tungsten deposits in 1950'years were locally confined in three provinces such as Jiangxi, Hunan and Guangdong. However, the major tungsten ore deposits are replaced by new tungsten deposits such as Sandahozhuang, Xingluokeng, Shizhuan and Daminghsan deposit which may be larger than the previous major deposits. Tungsten ore deposits of China exhibit obviously the granitoid was the ore-bringer to form tungsten ore deposits. The wolframite-bearing quarz veins in China indicate that tungsten mineralization took place by crystallization of wolframite preferentially unless $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ was introduced from outside into the magma-origin-fluid, since it is understood that the scheelite in the Sangdong ore deposit was preferentially precipitated, because of chemical affinity, from the tungsten fluid in which Fe and Ca ions were as sufficient as to form magnetite, wolframite and scheelite. Tungsten deposits in the world are divided into two systems; W-Mo-Sn system and W-Mo system. Most of tungsten deposits in China dated to about 196-116 Ma belong to the W-Mo-Sn system, while late Cretaceous tungsten deposits such as the Sangdong deposit in Korea belongs to the W-Mo system. The genetic order of tin-tungsten-molybdenum mineralization observed in the Moping tungsten mine in China and the Sangdong in Korea may be attributed to volatile pressures in the same magma chamber. It is assumed from ages of tungsten mineralizations that ore elements such as tin, tungsten and molybdenum might be generated periodically by nuclear fission and fusion in a part of the mantle and the element generated was introduced into the magma chamber. The periodical generation of elements had determined association, depletion and enrichment of tin and molybdenum in tungsten mineralization and it results in little association of cassiterite in tungsten deposit of late Cretaceous ages. Different mechanism of emplacement of the ore-bearing magma has brought various genetic types of tungsten deposits as shown in China and the world.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.105-117
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• 1996

The Baegjeon Au-Ag and Sb deposits, small of disseminated-type gold deposits are formed as a result of epithermal processes associated a shallow-seated Cretaceous Yeogdun granitoids intrusion. The orebodies are formed by the replacement of carbonate minerals in thin-bedded oolitic limestone beds favorable for mineralization within the upper-most Cambrian Pungchon Limestone Formation. The mineralization can be recognized one stage, ore minerals composed of base metal sulfides, electrum, AgSb-S, Ag-Cu-S, and Sb-S minerals. Gold-bearing minerals consist of electrum and submicroscopic invisible gold in pyrite and arsenopyrite. The composition of electrums ranges from 33.58 to 63.48 atomic % Ag. Fluid inclusion studies reveal that ore fluids were low saline $NaCl-CO_2-H_2O$ system. Temporary fluid mixing and boiling occured in later stage. Fluid inclusion data indicates the homogenization temperatures and salinities of NaCl eqivalent wt% were 176 to $246^{\circ}C$ and from 0.0 to 4.8 wt%, respectively. And $-logfs_2$, of mineralization obtained by thermodynamic considerations as 12.4 to 13.8 atm. The ${\delta}^{34}S_{H_2S}$, values of hydrothermal sulfides were calculated to be 6.8 to 10.2‰ which was of sedimentary origin. The ${\delta}^{18}O_{H_2O}$ and ${\delta}^{13}C_{CO_2}$, range from -3.9 to 9.6‰, from -1.1 to -2.2‰, and ${\delta}D$ range from -89 to -118‰, respectively. The Au deposition during mineralization seems to have occurred as a result of decrease of temperature, $fs_2$, $fo_2$, and pH probably due to oxidation by meteoric water mixing, which destabilized original $Au(HS)^-{_2}$. The mineralization of the Baegjeon deposits is similar to the Carlin-type deposits characterized by sediments-hosted epithermal bedding replacement disseminated gold deposits.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.2 s.44
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• pp.81-89
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• 2006

Pb isotopic compositions were determined from the ore deposits of Beonam, Dongjin, Jeoksang and Bukchang mines distributed within Jeolabuk-do. As a result, individual mine shows significantly different values of Pb isotopic compositions from each other. Pb isotopic values of the Beonam, Bukchang and Dongjin mines altogether from linear variation, but it is too steep to represent their formation age. Instead, such trend suggests that these ore leads were originated from binary mixing. Precambrian basement rocks and Mesozoic granitoids are suggested for such two end-members. The relative contribution of lead from each source seems to be quite different for each ore deposit, implying that the circulation of the ore-forming fluid was very localized when they were formed. In the case of Dongjin mine it seems significant portion of the ore leads were originated from the basement rocks, which suggests that related igneous rock seems to have acted as heat source to generate circulation of the fluid rather than the source of the ore-forming elements.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.437-457
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• 2004

The geology of the Kualakulun in the Middle Kalimantan, Indonesia comprises Permian to Carboniferous Pinoh Metamorphic Rocks and Cretaceous Sepauk Plutonics of the Sunda Shield, late Eocene Tanjung Formation, Oligocene Malasan Volcanics, Oligocene to early Miocene Sintang Intrusives and Quaternary alluvium. Tanjung Formation was deposited in low-and high-sinuosity channel networks developed on the proximal to distal delta plain and delta front forming southward paleoflow system, which, in turn, gradually change into shallow marine environment. Four main deformational phases are recognized: D1, folding of metamorphic rocks accompanied by development of S1 schistosity under regional metamorphic condition; D2, ductile shearing in Cretaceous granitoids; D3, folding of metamorphic rocks accompanied by S2 crenulation cleavage; D4, faulting under N-S compressional regime during Tertiary times, producing NE-trending sinistral and NW-trending dextral strike-slip faults and N-S to NNE-trending normal faults.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.483-493
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• 1996

The tectonic environment and source characteristics of the Daebo granitic batholith in the central Ogcheon Belt were investigated based upon major and trace element geochemistry. The batholith is comprised of three granite types; a biotite granite (DBBG), K-feldspar megacryst-bearing biotite granite (DBKG), and a more mafic granodiorite (DBGD). The variations of Na and K in the granites can not be explained by simple fractional crystallization from the same primary magma. The irregular behavior of these alkali elements indicates a variety of source materials or incomplete mixing of different source materials. The large ion lithophile (LIL) element enrichment and low Ta/Hf ratios of the granites are typical characteristics of normal, calc-alkaline continental arc granitoids. Based upon REE patterns of the granites, it seems to be unreasonable to regard the felsic DBBG as a late stage differentiate formed by residual melts after the fractionation of major constituent minerals of the more mafic DBGD. Inconsistent variations in ${\varepsilon}_{Nd}(t)$ and LIL element concentrations of the granites preclude a mixing model between primitive melt and LIL element-enriched upper crustal materials. The irregular geochemical variation of the granites is taken to be largely inherited from an already heterogeneous source region.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.363-373
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• 1994

The Cretaceous granitic rocks show differences in rock types and chemical compositions according to metallogenic provinces of copper, lead zinc and molybdenum in the Gyeongsang basin. Jindong granites are of granodiorite~quartz diorite~diorite in Cu-province; Makeunsan/Yucheon-Eonyang granites, granodiorite~granite in Pb Zn-province; Onjeongri-Yeonghae granites, granodiorite~quartz diorite in Mo-province, and there is a trend that productive masses are less differenciated than barren masses in Cu and Pb-Zn provinces whereas productive masses are more differenciated than barren masses in Mo province. Metallogenic provinces are distinguishable by variations of major and trace elements. The Cretaceous granitic rocks are highest in the content of Ca, Mg and other basic major elements and lowest in the content of K and Na in Cu provicne; the variation trends are vice versa in Pb-Zn province. Trace elements such as Rb and Sr show variations related to K and Ca, and metallogenic provinces are also distinguishable by their ratios. The granitic rocks of Mo province have intermediate content of major and trace elements, but are clearly distinguishable from Jindong granites and partly overlapped by Yucheon-Eonyang granites. Chlorine content in biotites is higher in a productive mass than in a barren mass in Cu province. Therefore, the mineralogical and chemical compositions are applicable as geochemical index to distinguish the types of mineralizaion, and productive and barren masses of the Cretaceous granitic rocks in the Gyeongsang basin.