• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.437-443
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• 2011

In Korea, there has been a traditional post and beam wood construction with large roof load. Because a large friction is generated in wooden joint or members, it is important to evaluate the friction between wood members according to wood direction. Because most of studies have been concerned with friction between wood and steel, excluding effect of real area of contact, there are a few studies on the friction between wood members. The object of this study was to evaluate friction or coefficient of friction according to normal force and real area of contact of wood. With Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) test specimens, five steps of normal force and combinations of test were prepared. Results indicated that normal force had almost no affection on the friction, however there was difference about friction or coefficient of friction according to real contact conditions of wood grain and contact area.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.34-38
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• 2016

In this paper, a transversely isotropic behavior of AZ31 Mg alloy produced by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) process was investigated through tensile test and microstructure observation. The effects of initial ECAP pass number on the anisotropic behavior and mechanical properties of the Mg alloy are evaluated after conventional direct extrusion test, which are carried out at a temperature of $200^{\circ}C$. As a result of the tensile test in three directions ($0^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, and $90^{\circ}$ to the extrusion direction of the sheet) at room temperature, elongation of as-extruded AZ31 alloy(ECAP for 0 pass) showed an unusual anisotropic behavior depending on the extrusion direction although the yield strength and tensile strength are similar to the ECAPed AZ31 alloy. After ECAP for 4 passes at $200^{\circ}C$, microstructural observations of ECAPed magnesium alloy showed a significant grain refinement, which is leading to an equiaxed grain structure with average size of $2.5{\mu}m$. The microstructures of the extruded billet are observed by the use of an electron back-scattering diffraction (EBSD) technique to evaluate of the influence on the grain refinement during extrusion process and re-crystallization mechanism of AZ31 Mg alloy.

• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 2006년도 Extended Abstracts of 2006 POWDER METALLURGY World Congress Part2
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• pp.1163-1164
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• 2006

TZM alloy having elongated coarse-grain structure was developed by three-step internal nitriding treatment at 1423 to 1873 K in $N_2$ and subsequent recrystallization treatment at 2173 K in vacuum. Some specimens were subjected to re-nitriding treatment at 1873 K for 16 h. After the recrystallization treatment, aspect ratio (L/W) of grains for rolling direction was about 50 at the maximum. Yield stress obtained at 1773 K after re-nitriding treatment was about 6 times as large as that of recrystallized specimen. Re-nitriding was very effective in the improvement in strength of TZM alloy having elongated coarse-grain structure.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2006년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.7
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• pp.75-76
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• 2006

In this paper, the polycrystalline silicon photodiodes utilizing vertically directed current path are investigated. The location of electrodes is considered with the grain direction and the current path. The relationships between grain boundaries and characteristics of photodiode are simulated to apply the vertically grown polycrystalline silicon to photodiodes. From the results, the vertically grown polycrystalline silicon photodiode is a potential candidate for CMOS image sensor. However, the increment of dark current related to grain boundaries should be reduced.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.38-47
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of physical properties and grain line of fabrics on the drape properties of the flare skirt. Horizontal section overlap map was obtained by three dimensional Moire Topography, It was concluded drapability of the skirt obtained by the map can be used to determine the ease of the skirt. Grain line such as bias and lengthwise direction showed the difference of quality of the drape at the hem line; skirt made by bias direction showed evenly distributed flare and effective for the aesthetic point view. No difference was observed between cotton and polyester fabrics probably due to the similar characteristics of the fabrics.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.87-92
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• 1996

When cutting 2.0cm-thick red oak and hard maple with an air-jet-assisted carbon-dioxide laser of 2kW output power, maximum feed speed at the point of full penetration of the beam decreased with increasing the angle between grain and cutting direction. Feed speed averaged 3.75 and 3.38 meters per minute for red oak and hard maple, respectively. Gray-level of laser-cut surfaces were analyzed by image analysis system. The highest gray level of laser-cut surface was obtained when red oak was cut parallel to grain by laser. Surface profiler was used to scan the sawn and laser-cut surfaces. Center line average roughnesses of laser-cut surfaces were higher than those of sawn surfaces. Scanning electron micrographs showed the cell walls which were melted by laser.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제38권10호
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• pp.914-920
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• 2001

새로운 소결법인 방전플라즈마소결법(SPS: Spark Plasma Sintering)으로 제조된 $ZrB_2$-ZrC 복합체의 결정립 방위분포 및 결정입계의 특성을 EBSP(Electron Back-Scattered Pattern)법으로 분석하여 상압소결법(PLS, Pressureless Sintering)에 의한 시편과 비교하였다. 방전플라즈마 소결법으로 제조된 시편의 $ZrB_2$ 결정립은 상압소결된 시편과는 다르게 (0001)면이 시편표면에 수직한 배향(normal direction)을 나타냈으며, ZrC 결정립은 두 경우 무질서한 배향을 나타냈다. 결정입계 특성 분석에서 low angle $(<15^{\circ})$의 분포는 상압소결법인 경우 전체 입계 중 약 10%, 방전플라즈마 소결법은 8%로 두 소결체에서 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나, CSL(Coincident Site Lattice) 입계의 분포에서는 방전플라즈마 소결법으로 제조된 복합체에서 $\Sigma$ 3,5,7,9,11의 CSL 분포가 상압소결법에 비해 높은 분율을 나타냈다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.233-245
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• 2021

암석의 미세구조에 대한 많은 연구는 실제 암석 관찰 뿐만 아니라 다양한 실험 장비를 이용하여 미구조의 발달 과정과 그 메커니즘을 이해하기 위해 수행되어 왔다. 변성이나 변형 작용 중에 입자 성장이나 입도의 변화를 일으킬 수 있는 광물 군집 내 입자 경계 이동 작용은 주요한 재결정작용 메커니즘 중 하나이다. 특히, 변형 과정 중 나타날 수 있는 입자 경계 이동의 연속적 관찰은 암석 유사 실험을 이용하여 수행될 수 있었다. 이번 연구에서는 다양한 실험 방법 중 유사 물질을 이용한 입자 성장 및 변형 실험 방법에 대해 기존 방법을 개량할 수 있는 실험 장비의 개발과 이를 통한 효과적인 미구조 분석 방법을 제시하였다. 개발된 실험 장비는 유사 물질 실험이 가능한 변형 장치와 실체 현미경에 회전 조작이 가능한 편광판들을 장착하여 광학적 조작이 가능하도록 구성되었다. 이들 장치들은 마이크로 컨트롤러를 통해 온도 및 변형 속도 제어 및 실험 동안 관찰되는 미구조 변화를 연속적으로 촬영할 수 있도록 자동화하여 구성되었다. 또한 편광판 회전 조작을 통해 취득되고 합성된 디지털 이미지들은 보다 정확한 입자 경계를 구분하고 분석할 수 있게 해주었다. 실험 결과의 입도 및 형태와 같은 미구조 분석을 위해 선분 교점 측정 방법과 입자 경계 트레이싱 방식을 비교하여 적용하였다. 유사물질로써는 석영과 유사한 광학적 성질을 가지는 노캠퍼(Norcamphor, C7H10O)라는 물질을 사용하였다. 개발된 장비의 실효성을 검증하고자 노캠퍼를 이용한 정적 입자 성장 실험과 단순 전단 변형 실험 및 이에 대한 미구조 분석을 수행하였다. 정적 입자 성장 실험은 시간이 지남에 따라 입자 수의 감소와 입도가 증가하는 전형적인 입자 성장 작용의 특징과 온도에 따른 성장 곡선들의 명확한 차이를 보여주었다. 중온-저변형율 조건의 단순 전단 변형 실험 결과는 평균 입도의 큰 변화는 없었으나, 입자 형태에 대해 전단 변형이 증가함에 따라 전단력 방향에 수직한 방향에 대해 약 53°의 방향으로 신장률이 증가하는 변화를 보여주었다. 이러한 미구조의 발달과정은 주어진 실험 조건에서 변형에 의해 입자 내부의 소성 변형과 내부 회복 작용이 균형을 이루면서 진행된 것으로 해석된다. 개량화 및 자동화된 실험장치를 이용한 이들 입자 성장 작용 실험 및 변형 실험의 예는 유사물질 실험에서 목적하는 바와 같이 실험 과정 동안의 입자의 미구조 변화과정을 순차적으로 관찰할 수 있고, 전체 수행 과정동안 수동적 조작없이 효율적으로 실험을 진행할 수 있다는 장점을 보여주었다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.303-310
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• 2014

In this study, the average in-situ stress in metallic thin film was measured during deposition of the Cu thin films on the Si(111) wafer and then the phenomenon of stress shift by the interruption of deposition was measured using Cu thin films. We have observed the stress shift in accordance with changing amount of atom's movement between the surface and grain boundary through altering the grain size of the Cu thin film with variety of parameters. The grain size is known to be affected on the deposition rate, film thickness and deposition temperature. As a experimental results, the these parameters was not adequate to explain stress shift because these parameters affect directly on the amount of atom's movement between the surface and grain boundary as well as the grain size. Thus, we have observed the stress shift toward tensile side in accordance with the grain size changing through the interlayer deposition. From an experiment with inserting interlayer before deposit Cu, in thin film which has big grain size with high roughness, amount of stress movement is higher along direction of tensile stress after deposition that means, after deposition process, driving force of atoms moving in grain boundary and on the surface of the film is relatively higher than before.

• 한국육종학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.357-364
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• 2010

In a previous study, we mapped 12 QTLs for 1,000 grain weight (TGW) in the 172 $BC_2F_2$ lines derived from a cross between Oryza sativa ssp. Japonica cv. Hwaseongbyeo and O. rufipogon. These QTLs explained 5.4 - 11.4% of the phenotypic variance for TGW. Marker-aided selection combined with backcrosses was employed to develop QTL-NILs for each QTL. $BC_2F_2$ lines with each target QTL were backcrossed to Hwaseongbyeo twice and then allowed to self to produce $BC_4F_5$ populations. SSR markers linked to TGW were employed to select QTL-NILs with the respective target QTL. Six QTL-NILs with the recurrent parent, Hwaseongbyeo were evaluated for nine traits for three years from 2007 and 2009. Differences were observed between each of the 6 QTL-NILs and Hwaseongbyeo in TGW. In addition to TGW, these QTL-NILs displayed differences in other agronomic traits possibly indicating a tight linkage of genes controlling these traits. The direction of the QTL for TGW in 6 QTL-NILs was consistent as in the $BC_2F_2$ lines from the same cross. Difference in TGW between each of the QTL-NILs and Hwaseongbyeo was associated with the difference in one or two grain shape traits; grain length, grain width, and grain thickness. SSR markers linked to the QTL for TGW will facilitate selection of the grain shape character in a breeding program to diversify grain shape and provide the foundation for map-based gene isolation. Also, the QTL-NILs developed in this report and the progenies from crosses between the QTL-NILs will be useful in clarifying epistatic interactions among QTLs for TGW.