• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.213-217
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• 1999

Seed coating and pelleting techniques have been used in many crops to improve the germination vigor of tiny and light seeds. Cultivated Chinese-foxglove (Rehmannia glutlnosa) has been infected by various types of virus derived from vagetative propagation of rootstock. Seed characteristics and alginate-coated seed germination rate have been investigated to get basic information for healthy seedling production through seed propagation. Chinese-foxglove showed different numbers of seeds per pod from 61 in Seocheon local to 207 in Jiwhang 1 and 1,000grain weight also varied from 70mg of Seocheon local to 130mg of Jiwhang 1. Seeds of Chinese-foxglove has dormancy because that seed collected last year more stimulated than that of this year at germination test. Optimum alginate concentration for pellected seeds germination was 2%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.57-67
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• 2008

The Direct Payment Program for Rural Landscape Conservation (DPPRLC), introduced by the Korean government, currently offers subsidies to rural villages to encourage the growing of flower crops or wild flowers instead of common grain. However, in many of these villages, major landscape elements like walls and roofs of houses are built with cheap, urban materials, and kept in poor condition. This is a poor reflection of the DPPRLC goal to improve the aesthetic of korean rural landscape. This study surveyed and analyzed traditional style walls and roofs in ten selected villages taking part in the DPPRLC program. Villagers were interviewed for a proposed direct payment program for building and maintaining traditional walls and roofs. Major findings are: First, more than 86% of residents are willing to build and maintain traditional walls if subsidies are given. They would like to be reimbursed 75% to 100% of construction and maintenance costs. Second, about 64% of residents would be willing to build and maintain traditional roofs with the subsidies. They also would like to receive 75% to 100% of construction and maintenance costs. The policy implication of this study is that extending the DPPRLC program to include walls and roofs in rural villages will make rural landscape more attractive.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1594-1608
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• 2009

Research on barley as an animal feed started some decades ago but its utilization in animal production has been limited to countries that grow the crop extensively. Corn has been the most popular energy feed in cattle rations, but the high price of corn and the decreased supply of the grain in the international market have shifted the focus of the animal industry to other cereal crops like barley. Studies have indicated that growth performance of cattle fed barley-based diets has been generally comparable with that of those fed corn-based diets, while results for cattle fed whole-crop barley silage have been more variable. Beef from cattle fed barley-based diets has proved to be as tender and as acceptable for taste as that from animals fed other finishing diets when compared at similar growth rates and degree of finish. The barley crop contains good amounts of antioxidants like 2"O-GIV isovitexin, so from the meat science point of view, a desirable influence of these components on meat quality traits such as meat color, oxidative stability and sensory characteristics might be expected. Furthermore, the effect of the distinctive fatty acid profile of beef fed from whole-crop barley silage on sensory traits is also an important subject to be elucidated. A lot of studies have been made over past decades on the effect of barley, and especially whole crop barley, on beef cattle production and meat quality, but these data have not been collectively documented in a review. The current review re-visits previous literature to underline the effects of barley in the diet on beef quality traits and to identify areas for further studies.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2001

Climate in the year of 2000 was characterized as a long severe drought in tile spring, unusually high and low temperature in summer, two times of typoons, and floods by heavy rains in fall. Rice leaf and panicle blast and bacterial grain rot occurred severely comparing with 1999 and Bipolaris leaf spot spread over tile country. Phytophthora blight and anthracnose in red-pepper became epidemic especially in the late season causing severe yield losses. Tomato fusaruim wilt, CGMMV, powdery mildew, and sudden wilt syndrom of cucurbits and strawberry powdery mildew were also severe in 2000. In garlic, sclerotium rot occurred severely mainly due to the frequent rainfalls in planting time and much snowfalls in 1999's winter. Spring potato had severe infection of viruses due to a long spring drought, and fall potato had high incidence of bacterial soft rot and bacterial wilt due to fall floods by heavy rains. In sweet potato fusarium wilt was the most severe as in other year. Disease incidence of apple and pear trees was rotatively mild compared with previous years. In wheat and barley, Gibberella petch rarely occurred because of spring drought.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.543-552
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• 2019

Fusarium asiaticum of the F. graminearum species complex causes head blight in small-grain cereals. The nivalenol (NIV) chemotypes of F. asiaticum is more common than the deoxynivalenol (DON) chemotypes of F. asiaticum or F. graminearum in Korea. To understand the prevalence of F. asiaticum-NIV in Korean cereals, we characterized the biological traits of 80 cereal isolates of F. asiaticum producing NIV or 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), and 54 F. graminearum with 3-ADON or 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON). There was no significant difference in mycelial growth between the chemotypes, but F. asiaticum isolates grew approximately 30% faster than F. graminearum isolates on potato dextrose agar. Sexual and asexual reproduction capacities differed markedly between the two species. Both chemotypes of F. graminearum (3-ADON and 15-ADON) produced significantly higher numbers of perithecia and conidia than F. asiaticum-NIV. The highest level of mycotoxins (sum of trichothecenes and zearalenone) was produced by F. graminearum-3-ADON on rice medium, followed by F. graminearum-15-ADON, F. asiaticum-3-ADON, and F. asiaticum-NIV. Zearalenone levels were correlated with DON levels in some chemotypes, but not with NIV levels. Disease assessment on barley, maize, rice, and wheat revealed that both F. asiaticum and F. graminearum isolates were virulent toward all crops tested. However, there is a tendency that virulence levels of F. asiaticum-NIV isolates on rice were higher than those of F. graminearum isolates. Taken together, the phenotypic traits found among the Korean F. asiaticum-NIV isolates suggest an association with their host adaptation to certain environments in Korea.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.28-42
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• 1969

Field studies were conducted with the split plot design of 20 treatment with a combination of 4 levels of 3, 5, 7 and 9 plants per hill and 5 levels of 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 hills per 3.3$m^2$ on non-, low- and high-salty areas. Rice variety, Kusabue was grown under jthe standard fertilization and cultivating. Investigation was made on the productive structure of plant population, leaf-area index, light intensity curve by stratum of crop population at the panicle differentiation stage. The competition density effect on the photosynthetic capacity was low as the salt concentration became higher. This seemed to suggest the possiblity of an increased yielding capacity by closer planting in the salty areas. The effect of an increased number of hills per unit area was greater than that of an increased unmber of plants per hill due to the total leaf area and space distribution of the actie assimilation parts of rice plants. The number of ppanicle per unit area in the salty areas were increased when the number of hill per 3.3$m^2$ increased over an increased number of plants per hill, and the panicle weight was reduced by close planting in the non-lalty area, while it was not reduced so much in the salty areas. The number of grains per panicle was significantly decreased by close planting in the salty areas as in the non-salty area, and ratio of matured grain was not decreased even by close planting in the salty areas, while it was significantly decreased by close planting in the non-salty area. An increase in the rice yield was possible by close planting and greatly related to leaf area index in the salty areas but not in the non-salty area. Increasing the number of hills per unit area showed greater effect on the increase of the rice yield than an increased number of plants per hill in the salty areas. Relationships between the growth characteristics and the rice population affected by plant spacing mode for maximum production were discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.295-295
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• 2017

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops in the world. The eating quality of cooked rice is the most important trait japonica rice breeding in Korea. Rice varieties that produce kernels that are firm and fluffy after cooking are generally favored in countries such as India, Pakistan, and Indonesia. Whereas varieties with kernels that maintain its shape, glossiness, savory odor, stickiness, and tenderness when cooked are preferred in Korea. This study analyzed the major physicochemical components of rice grain associated with the eating quality of 20 japonica rice varieties. Physicochemical components such as the amylose content, protein content, amylographic characteristics of polished rice, and texture of cooked rice were tested using a Tensipresser as alternative indirect methods in determining rice eating quality. Evaluation of eating quality of cooked rice using sensory test was conducted with 20 well trained members. The 20 rice varieties in different eating quality showed amylose contents of 17~20%. The amylose content of rice varieties had negative correlation with peak viscosity, however positive correlation with setback viscosity was observed. The stickiness and adhesiveness of cooked rice showed correlation with the amylose content and amylopectin chain length distribution. Rice varieties with good eating quality showed less retrogradation of cooked rice and higher hot viscosity of rice flour in amylogram.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.61-67
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• 2007

Paper sludges collected from three different paper mills were physico-chemically analyzed in order to use them as raw materials for making bed soils and seedling pots. The sludge from a fine paper mill contained lots of inorganic pigment particles used for coating, as those from a newsprint mill and a tissue mill had not. It was clearly through XRD analysis confirmed that all sludges included calcium carbonate. The paper sludge from the tissue mill contained the greatest amount of particles, which would contribute to water absorption and nutrient storage. The sludge from the fine paper mill had the highest density due to many inorganic elements. While the ash content and the total nitrogen content were the highest in the sludge from the fine paper mill, the C/N ratio was the lowest in the fine paper mill sludge. All sludges seemed to have insufficient contents of potassium. The sludges from the newsprint mill and the tissue mill showed more silicon contents than that from the fine paper mill. It was concluded that the sludge from the fine paper mill would be able to be the most efficient raw materials for making bed soils and seedling pots and the other two sludges would be more efficient for intensive culture for crops such as rice and grain with additional supplement of nitrogen and other nutrients.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.291-311
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• 2005

The great estate system of the Old World crossed the Atlantic Ocean in the 1500s along with the Spanish Royal Army, mission, merchants, crops and domestic arrivals, landing at the end of the journey in the Middle and South Americas. The latifundio of Spain's Middle Age combined with the environment of the New World to be regenerated in the name of hacienda which bad became tightly roared in the countryside landscape of New Spain by fin-de-colonial period of 1820s. The haciendas were distributed mainly over the central part of the present-dey Mexico, and the presence of water and towns determined the specific location of the large landed estates. Depending on the activities performed, the hacienda can be divided into several types such as grain hacienda, livestock hacienda, mining hacienda, henequen hacienda, and so forth. Consisting of landlords, estate managers and waged labor called peons, the hacienda as a semi-autarkic settlement played various roles as the home of church, the agrarian center and the hearth of cultural diffusion, as well as dwelling. Toward the end of the colonial period the hacienda experienced internal transformations driven by capitalism.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.s02
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• pp.96-114
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• 1989

There are several meterorolgical stresses in the winter cereal crops. Among these stresses, cold injury is one of the most important stresses for wheat and barley production in Korea. The reduction in grain yield of the wheat and barley due to cold injury has occurred almost every year in Korea. The objective of the study was to get the basic information in relation to the cold injury and to detect the method minimizing the damage of cold injury. When the air temperature was the ranges of -13$^{\circ}C$ to -15$^{\circ}C$, the soil temperature at the crown part of the plant was very stable, whereas in the ranges of -2$^{\circ}C$ to -3$^{\circ}C$ the soil surface temperature was more unstable and cold than air and subterranean temperatures. The different parts of the plant in wheat and barley possess the different levels of cold hardiness. In comparison to the cold hardiness of plant parts, the leaf and crown are the less sensitive to cold injury than root and vascular transitional zone. The type and extent of stress is determined by the redistribution pattern of water during freezing. These types from freezing processes were three types: a) Equilibrium freezing pattern b) Non -equilibrium freezing pattern, c) Non-equilibrium freezing pattern typical of tender tissues. Cold hardiness in wheat plants were more harder than barley plants at vegitative stage, but inverted at the reproductive stage. Injuries by low temperature during the seasons of barley cultivation in Korea were occured mainly in four stage; in the first and third stage, frost injury occurs, the second stage, freezing injury, and the fourth stage, chilling injury.