• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.57-67
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• 2014

The vigor condition of trees is an important indicator for the management of urban forested area. But difficulties in how to assess the tree vigor condition still remain. Previous efforts were limited in the 1) measurement of single indicator rather than using multiple indices, 2) purpose-oriented measurement such as for air-pollution effect or specific pathological symptom, and 3) ordinal-scale evaluations by field crews 4) despite human errors based on his/her experiences or prior knowledge. Therefore, this study attempted to develop a quantitative and objective methodology for assessing tree vigor condition, by measuring multiple modules and building the profile inventory. Furthermore, the possibility and limitations were discussed in terms of schematic frames describing tree vigor condition. The vigor condition of 56 flowering cherry plants in urban park were assessed by in-situ measurements of following eight items; growth of crown(Gc), growth of shoots, individual tree volume(Vol), plant area index, woody area index, leaf area index, leaf chlorophyll content(Lc) and leaf water content(Lw). For validation, these measurements were compared with the ranks of holistic tree vigor condition, which were visually assessed using a 4-point grading scale based on the expert's knowledge. As a result, the measures of each evaluation item successfully highlighted a variety of aspects in tree vigor condition, including the states of both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic parts. The variation in the results depending on evaluated parts was shown within an individual tree, even though the broad agreement among the results was found. The result of correlation analysis between the tested measurements and 4-point visual assessment, demonstrated that the state of water-stressed foliage of the season (Lw) or the development of plant materials since sapling phase (Vol) could be better viewed from the outer appearance of trees than other symptoms. But only based on the visual assessment, it may be difficult to detect the quality of photosynthesis (Lc) or the recent trend in growth of trees (Gc). To make this methodology simplified for the broad-scale application, the tested eight measurements could be integrated into two components by principal component analysis, which was labelled with 'the amount of plant materials' and 'vigor trend', respectively. In addition, the use of these quantitative and multi-scale indicators underlies the importance of assessing various aspects of tree vigor condition, taking into account the response(s) on different time and spatial scale of pressure(s) shown in each evaluated module. Future study should be advanced for various species at diverse developing stages and environment, and the application to wide areas at a periodic manner.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

The geology of the Pacitan district which occupies Southern mountain zone in the southwestern margin of East Java, Indonesia, consists of a pile of clastics and pyroclastics grading upwards into a series of sediments of Middle Miocene age which are intruded by a number of quartz porphyries and subvolcanic dacitic to andesitic bodies in after that time. The geochemical exploration in the Pacitan district to find out anomalous areas related with metallic mineral dispersion from the concealed ore deposits had been carried out using traditional exploration techniques of geological mapping, stream sediment, panned concentrate and outcrop sampling. The anomalous zones of each element were detected in the following areas: Gempol for Cu; Jompong for Au; Kasihan for Cu-Pb-Zn. The strongest Cu-Pb-Zn anomalous values are overlapped at the Kasihan area. The geochemical survey of soil was conducted with the geological survey at the Kasihan area. The statistical values were calculated by the statistical analysis method. The patterns for Cu, Pb and Zn are similar to the normal distribution. The anomalous values of copper-lead-zinc and/or copper and zinc are overlapped at five zones surrounding quartz porphyry at the central part of the Kasihan area. The area was interpreted and chosen as an anomalous zone related with stockwork and skam mineralization, extending to approximately NNW-SSE direction.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

The primary tasks of a workflow management system specify workflow models with respect to resource, control-flow, data-flow, functional, and operational perspectives, and to enact their workcases (workflow instances). In terms of enacting workflow models, the essential criterion grading the quality of the system is "how much is the system able to guarantee the correctness of workflow models' enactment?". Particularly, the workflow determinacy problem, which may be caused by the interference of the control-flow and the data-flow specifications, is the most challenging issue in guaranteeing the correctness of the system. We are able to solve the problem by either of the following two approaches-analysis of workflow model and verification of workflow enactment. In the paper, we propose a technique that guarantee the system's correctness through verifying workflow enactment. In other words, the technique is able to detect the conflicts of control-flow and data-flow enactments existing on a workflow model, which causes the system to be non-determinant in enacting workflow models. Finally, by applying the technique to the e-Chautauque workflow management system developed by the authors' research group, we prove that the technique is a feasible solution for the workflow determinacy problem.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.75-80
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• 2011

Objective : Leukoaraiosis (LA) has been suggested to be related to the poor outcome or the occurrence of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) after acute ischemic stroke. We retrospectively investigated the influences of LA on long-term outcome and the occurrence of sICH after thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Methods : In this study, we recruited 164 patients with AIS and magnetic resonance image (MRI)-detected thrombolysis. The presence and extent of LA were assessed using the Fazekas grading system. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was used to assess the baseline measure of neurologic severity, and the modified Rankin Scale score assessment was used up to 1 year after thrombolysis. Results : Of 164 subjects, 56 (34.2%) showed LA on MRI. Compared to the 108 patients without LA, the patients with LA were of much older age (p<0.01), had a higher prevalence of hypertension (p<0.01), and had a much poorer outcome at 90 days (p=0.05) and 1 yr (p=0.01) after thrombolysis. There were no significant differences in sICH between patients with and without LA on MRI. In univariate analysis for the occurrence of poor outcome at 90 days after thrombolysis, the size of ischemic lesion on diffusion weighted images (DWI), [odds ratio (OR), 1.03; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.01-1.04; p<0.01], recanalization (OR, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.01-0.10; p<0.01), sICH (OR, 12.2; 95% CI, 1.54-95.8), neurologic severity (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.09-1.25; p<0.01), blood glucose level (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00-1.02; p=0.03), and the presence of LA on MRI (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.04-3.01; p=0.04) were statistically significant. In multivariate analysis, neurologic severity (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.04-1.24; p<0.01), recanalization (OR, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.01-0.11; p<0.01), lesion size on DWI (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.03; p=0.02), serum glucose level (OR, 1.01; 95% CI; 1.01-1.02; p=0.03), and the presence of LA on MRI (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.22-8.48; p<0.01) showed statistically significant differences. These trends persisted up to 1 yr after thrombolysis. Conclusion : In this study, we demonstrated that the presence of LA on MRI might be related to poor outcome after use of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in AIS.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1202-1208
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• 2020

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify a distribution pattern of meat quality grade (MQG) as a function of carcass yield index (CYI) and the gender of Hanwoo (bull, cow, and steer) to determine the optimum point between both yield and quality. We also attempted to identify how pre- and post-deboning variables affect the gender-specific beef quality of Hanwoo. Methods: A total of 31 deboning variables, consisting of 7 pre-deboning and 24 post-deboning variables from bulls (n = 139), cows (n = 69), and steers (n = 153), were obtained from the National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) in South Korea. The database was reconstructed to be suitable for a statistical significance test between the CYI and the MQG as well as classification of meat quality. Discriminant function analysis was used for classifying MQG using the deboning parameters of Hanwoo by gender. Results: The means of CYI according to 1+, 1, 2, and 3 of MQG were 68.64±2.02, 68.85±1.94, 68.62±5.88, and 70.99±3.32, respectively. High carcass yield correlated with low-quality grade, while high-quality meat most frequently was obtained from steers. The classification ability of pre-deboning parameters was higher than that of post-deboning parameters. Moisture and the shear force were the common significant parameters in all discriminant functions having a classification accuracy of 80.6%, 71%, and 56.9% for the bull, cow, and steer, respectively. Conclusion: This study provides basic information for predicting the meat quality by gender using pre-deboning variables consistent with the actual grading index.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.7 no.10
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• pp.377-382
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• 2018

This study deals with internal state and tissue density analysis methods for red ginseng grade determination. For internal measurement of red ginseng, there have been various studies on nondestructive testing methods since the 1990s, It was difficult to grasp the most important inner hole and inside whites in the grading. So in this study, we developed a closed capturing device for infra-red illumination environment, and developed an internal measurement system that can detect the presence and diameter of inner hole and inside whites. Made devices consisted of infrared lights with a high transmission rate of red ginseng in 920 nanometer wave band, a infra-red camera and a Y axis actuator with a red ginseng automatically controlled focus on the camera. The proposed algorithm performs an auto-focus system on the Y-axis actuator to automatically adjust the sharp focus of the object according to the size and thickness. Then red ginseng is rotated $360^{\circ}$ at $1^{\circ}$ intervals and 360 total images are acquired, and reconstructed as a sinogram through Radon transform and Back-projection algorithm was performed to acquire internal images of red ginseng. As a result of the algorithm, it was possible to acquire internal cross-sectional image regardless of the thickness and shape of red ginseng. In the future, if more than 10,000 different shapes and sizes of red ginseng internal cross-sectional image are acquired and the classification criterion is applied, it can be used as a reliable automated ginseng grade automatic measurement method.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.515-521
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• 2013

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (the treatment group) versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy (the control group) for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods: The search strategy included Pubmed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Internet Web, Chinese Biomedical Database and Wanfang Database. We also searched reference lists of articles and the volumes of abstracts of scientific meetings. All randomized controlled trials were included for a meta-analysis performed with RevMan 5.1.0. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system (GRADE) was used to rate the level of evidence. Results: Eleven studies were included. Risk ratios of 0.99 (95%CI 0.72-1.36), 0.37 (95%CI 0.20-0.69), 1.08 (95%CI 0.84-1.38), 0.98 (95%CI 0.75-1.27) were observed for 3 years overall survival, 3 years progression-free survival, 2 years loco-regional failure-free survival and 2 years distant metastasis failure-free survival. There were no treatment-related deaths in either group in the 11 studies. Risk ratios of 1.90 (95%CI 1.24-2.92), 2.67 (95%CI 0.64-11.1), 1.04 (95%CI 0.79-1.37), 0.98 (95%CI 0.27-3.52) were found for grade 3-4 leukopenia, grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia, grade 3-4 mucous membrane, and grade 3-4 hepatic hematologic and gastrointestinal toxicity, the most significant toxicities for patients. Conclusion: Compared with the control group, induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy was well tolerated but could not significantly improve prognosis in terms of overall survival, loco-regional failure-free survival or distant metastasis failure-free survival.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2008

Broken eggs not only cause the economic loss in the egg producing industry, but also may not be good for the consumer's health. In order to identify the causes of eggshell breakage in laying hen houses, analyses on the status of eggshell breakage in the step of egg conveyer system of the laying hen house were conducted. The survey of eggshell breakage rate was implemented by four different stages egg conveying system. In the results, the breakage rate showed 4.7% in the egg collection belt, 2.5% in the egg elevator, 1.7% in the egg grading system and 0.9% in the egg conveyor belt. In particular, to Hy-line Brown variety, as the hens' raising week old increased, the breakage rate of eggshell increased while the strength of eggshell decreased. In the regression analysis between the breakage rate of eggshell and the strength of eggshell, the coefficient of determination ($R^2$) by the test of significance was computed as 0.7, therefore the changes of the strength of eggshell affects the breakage rate of eggshell. However, between the strength of eggshell and thickness of egg shell, and between the strength of eggshell and strain of eggshell, there was no significant difference detected in the regression analysis.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2017

Most enrolled students arranging for the College Scholastic Ability Test(CSAT) prepare it through two types of mock tests during the year of the third grade. One type is Nationwide Coalition Scholastic Ability Evaluation(NCSAE) conducted four times by the city and provincial office of education, the other type is the CSAT June and September Mock Test administered by the Korea Institute of Curriculum and Evaluation(KICE). However, these two types of tests are highly heterogeneous evaluations with many similarities. In this study, based on the analysis results of 2016 NCSAE grading statistics published by Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggi provincial office of education and those of 2017 CSAT June and September Mock Test released by KICE, we analyzed the heterogeneity between two types of mock tests focused on the difficulty level. Based on this analysis, we examined mathematics section scores of 2016 NCSAE(March, April, July, October) and 2017 CSAT June and September Mock Test of 161 students in two high schools in Seoul and investigated the change of enrolled students grades according to the change of the test group. Through this, we sought to draw implications for the educational policy that should be accompanied necessarily in order to improve the item building system of the NCSAE.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.1
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• pp.70-76
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• 2017

Among the forest road pavement methods, the majority of current constructions utilize concrete pavements but it has disadvantages as follows: many cracked concrete pavements generated by the erosion of underlying soil layers, could not be used as forest roads in steep slope during winter, and cement contains hazardous chemicals (hexavalent chromium, etc.). In order to supplement the limitations of the use of concrete pavement, this study was conducted to investigate the operation process and cost, the strength and compaction of the experimental forest road pavement(85 m) utilizing eco-friendly solidification material at Goryeong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do. The work elements of experimental forest road paving were classified into: preparation, Roadbed excavation, Roadbed grading, subgrade compaction, form work, collection and selection of site soil, mixing site soil and eco-friendly solidification material, paving by eco-friendly solidification material, compaction by vibrating roller and curing. The result of economic analysis using construction cost shows that for concrete costs total to $38,681won/m^3$ while for the eco-friendly paving material it is $38,245won/m^3$. Thus the construction costs for concrete and the eco-friendly paving material are similar. And the results of the Schmidt Hammer test for strength analysis by curing period are 10.5-13.5 MPa for 7 days, 18.1-22.7 MPa for 14 days, and 20.8-23.0 MPa for 28 days.