• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.167-179
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• 1995

The only three elements such as RQD, N -value and Es were used as a quantitative standard for the design of supporr pattern determidetion on subway line 8th in Seoul. Because the support pattern that was obtained by these elements could not he determined on the basis of the quantitative of geology and the orientations and properties of discontinuity planes, there have been some problems in determining the economic support pattern and tunnel stability. Therefore, in an attempt to determine the stable and economic support pattern with more quantitative elements, more flerrible rock mass classification with geologic conditions was performed by using RMR at 1745 sections and Q-system at 374 sections within Seongnam block on subway line 8th. Then, rusults by these two methods were compared with standard support pattern of the subway line 8th. Moreover, relationships between geology, geologic structures and topography to rock mass grades were studied. According to the rusult of this study, it is judged that the standard support pattern designed with PD-4 or PS - 4 should have been subdivided into 4~6 support patterns. Some sections where geologic structures such as faults and joints are developed tend to have rock mass grades. And they also have low rock mass grades near valley. On thr other hand, they show intermediate grades at piedmont area and the greatest ones at high mountains.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.267-282
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• 2022

This study aims to analyze the continuity and sequence between the intelligent life curriculum for grades 1-2 and the science curriculum for grades 3-4 with a focus on knowledge and inquiry process skills. The results demonstrate that contents related to science in the intelligent life curriculum consisted of only 10 out of 32 elements. Five elements were related to the science curriculum for grades 3-4 and limited to the 'life sciences' area. Particularly, the intelligent life curriculum did not address topics related to 'matter' and 'motion and energy'. Developmental connection was established in the 'life sciences' area and dramatic changes were noted for the topics related to 'earth and space' area. In terms of inquiry process skills, the levels of observation, measurement, inference, and communication naturally increased, whereas a developmental connection was noted between the intelligent life and science curricula. Classification can be viewed as a developmental link; however, viewing the classification as scientific from the epistemic perspectives was insufficient. In the case of expectation, a gap was observed in both curricula due to the absence of expectation activities in the intelligent life curricula. The study discussed the implications for securing the connection between the intelligent life and science curricula on the basis of these results.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate feed value of imported hays and examine current situation of species and hay grade. To evaluate the quality of the imported hay, 133 pieces including 9 species of roughage types were collected at the national hay importers, the TMR companies and livestock farms from 2016 to 2018. The quality grades of imported hay were 3~4 and most imported hay were considered to had low. The ADF, Ash, TDN and DDM in feed composition of alfalfa by quality grades presented significant differences(p<0.05). The quality grade on alfalfa was not similar to the actual quality grades calculated through feed composition. The feed composition of grasses by quality degrees presented significant differences in all contents except DM and CP (p<0.05). As the distributed grasses of the unmarked quality grade was low quality and accounted for 49%, it is urgent to present quality standards based on feed composition. As these results, the grades of imported hays were lower than the marked quality grades. Therefore, the imported roughage's(hay) price that considered to only quality grades on the marked imported roughages(hay) package can cause a loss to the livestock farms as economic damage. An institutional arrangement should be established to review the quality grades of imported hay.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.210-218
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• 2018

The natural dye product market is expanding due to the recent interest in environmentally friendly products. This study examines dyeing using natural Coptidis Rhizoma. Chitosan and Tannin was treated to improve dyeability of Coptidis Rhizoma after finding the proper dyeing condition. In addition, dyeing characteristics were compared according to mordant types along with the mordanting methods for dye fixing and color change. The results indicated that the optimum dyeing condition was to treat the concentration of 5% (o.w.b.) at $80^{\circ}C$ for 90 minutes. By the chitosan and tannin treatments, K/S value of cotton fabrics by 3 times and those of wool fabrics by 2 times increased and color depthing of dyed fabrics was achieved after 2 cycles repetition. To improve dyeability, iron mordanting was most effective; in addition, the K/S Value of pre-mordanting fabrics versus post-mordanting fabrics increased the most. The color of the surface was changed to reddish yellow when Sn, Cu mordanting, and to greenish blue when Fe mordanting. The lightfastness of dyeing fabric with mordanting was weak at 1-2 grades, but the washing fastness was good for 4 grades and the rubbing fastness and sweat fastness were as good as those of the 3-4 grades. As a result, this study could help improve the dyeability of expensive Coptidis Rhizoma.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4481-4485
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• 2012

Background: Chemotherapy induced leutropenia has been shown to be associated with improved treatment outcomes in selected solid tumors. We studied the association of chemotherapy induced leutropenia with treatment related outcomes in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Methods: This is a prospective analysis of patients receiving chemotherapy for advanced NSCLC at the Shandong Cancer Hospital from 2005-07.The chemotherapy included cisplatin $35mg/m^2$, IV on $d_{1,2}$ and vinorelbine $25mg/m^2$ IV on $d_{1,8}$ every 21 days. Patients were stratified into three groups (A) those experiencing grades 0 leucopenia, group (B) grades 1-2 and group (C) grades 3-4. The outcomes studied were response rate (RR), disease control rate (DCR), and time to progression (TTP). Results: 128 patients were studied. The RRs in groups A, B and C were 30.8%, 56.8% and 71.4%, respectively, p=0.010. The DCRs were 61.5%, 83.8% and 92.9%, respectively, p=0.009 and the median TTPs were 150 days (95%CI: 91-209), 189 days (95%CI: 181-197) and 207 days (95%CI: 172-242), p=0.009. The differences in RR and TTP were significant. In patients whose CIL kept on 10 days at least, the TTP was significantly prolonged, p=0.0213, and the same was the case for those experiencing grades 1-2 leucopenia and ECOG 0, p=0.0412. Conclusions: Occurrence of CIL correlated with RR and TTP in patients with advanced NSCLC receiving cisplatin and vinorelbine chemotherapy, especially in patients experiencing grades 1-2 leucopenia and ECOG 0, and the same for those with CIL persisting for 10 days at least. CIL could be a biological measure of drug activity and a marker of efficacy.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.291-298
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• 2008

We separately cultured follicular oocytes collected from individual ovaries of slaughtered Korean native cows and examined both the embryonic development rate and pregnancy rate after embryo transplantation according to the meat yield and quality grades of the source beef carcass. Oocytes from meat yield grade B cows exhibited a higher fertilization rate and embryonic developmental rate to the eight-cell stage than oocytes from grade A or C animals (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in rate of development to the blastocyst stage among meat yield grades A, Band C. The oocyte cleavage rate and development rate to the eight-cell stage from meat quality grade 3 cattle was higher than grades 1++, 1+, 1 and 2 (p<0.05). Embryos derived from grade animals displayed a development rate to the blastocyst stage of 19.4%, which was also higher than all other meat quality grades (p<0.05). Transplantation of in vitro-cultured oocytes from meat yield grade A ovaries led to a higher pregnancy rate (64.2%) than in vitro-cultured oocytes from meat yield grade B ovaries (56.5%), but there was no significant difference between the two groups in pregnancy or abortion rates. In conclusion, embryonic development rate and pregnancy rate has a close relation to meat quality grades of the source beef carcass, this results is to give information for the Korean native cows improvement of breed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.719-729
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was done to examine relationships between nurse staffing level and postsurgical patient outcomes using inpatient database from the National Health Insurance. Methods: Records of 111,491 patients who received one of 12 types of surgery between January and December, 2009 were identified and analyzed in this study. Nurse staffing level was measured using adjusted nurse staffing grades from 0 to 7. Patient outcomes were defined as in-hospital mortality, or pneumonia, sepsis, or urinary tract infection after surgery. Logistic regression analyses estimated by Generalized Estimation Model, were used to analyze the association between nurse staffing level and patient outcomes. Results: An inverse relationship was found between nurse staffing and patient mortality. Compared with patients who were cared for in hospitals with the highest nurse staffing (Grades 0-1), increases in the odds of dying were found in those with Grades 6-7 [OR (odds ratio)=2.99, 95% CI (confidence interval)=1.94-4.60], those with Grades 4-5 (OR=1.78, 95% CI=1.24-2.57) and those with Grades 2-3 (OR=1.57, 95% CI=1.25-1.98). Lower nurse staffing level was also associated with higher number of cases in pneumonia and sepsis. Conclusion: Policies for providing adequate nurse staffing is required to enhance quality of care and lead to better perioperative patient outcomes.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.59-72
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• 2010

Objectives : In the study on the waveform analysis of radial artery pulse diagnosis, we need to establish fundaments of contemporary pulse diagnosis research, and to find the change of pulse waveform parameter with applied variation pf pressure. Methods : As we will to do experimental research on the difference of pulse waveform on the radial artery with applied variations of pressure(5 stage-pressure) and measuring position(left KWAN). In this research, we analyzed the change of the waveform according to five stage pressure. Results : The results were as follows; When we analyzed the change of the waveform according to pressure in the left KWAN, E, hl, h2 and A were the difference between 8ths pressure grades in 95% trust section. And t2, t4 were the difference between 8ths pressure grades in 95% trust section. W was the difference between 8ths pressure grades in 95% trust section. And h2/h1 was the difference between 6ths pressure grades in 95% trust section. There is the difference between 1st and 2nd grade & between 2nd and 5th grade in the case of t4/t2 in 95% trust section. And there is the difference between 1st and 5th grade, between 3rd and 4th grade, between 3rd and 5th grade & between 4th and 5th grade in the case of W/A in 95% trust section. And there is the difference between 1st and 2nd grade, between 2nd and 3rd grade, between 2nd and 4th grade, between 3rd and 4th grade, between 3rd and 5th grade & between 4th and 5th grade in the case of A/E in 95% trust section. Conclusions : We found the statistically resonable differences between each pulse depending on the applied pressure. And Analysing the radial pulse(left KWAN) at 5 applied pressure levels may be useful to study on the pulse waveform diagnosis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.223-231
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• 1988

This study was disigned to observe the pattern of food preference, desire, and intake frequency of children in Pusan area to establish basic data for school lunch program. The children in a public school with school lunch program in Pusan area, were asked the food preference, desire, and intake frequency of the 30 food items given on questinnarie. The subjects also recorded the food intake for 3 days with the mother's help. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1) The total numbers of items taken per day per children were increased with advancing grades. The numbers were 27, 33 and food items for 2nd, 4th and 6th grade respectively. 2) The degree of preference, desire and intake frequency were also increased with higher grades for most given foods except cakes, seaweeds and beans. 3) Boys showed the higher intake frequency than girls for most food items. The girls, however, showed higher preference for cakes and cookies than boys. 4) There was a significant positive correlation between food preference and desire, however, a significant correlation was not found between preference and intake frequency, and between intake frequency and desire.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2013

In this study, Mo metal powder was prepared by hydrogen reduction of Mo trioxides with different purity of 2N and 3N grades. We have obtained Mo metal powder with oxygen content of 1450 ppm by hydrogen reduction and subsequent heat treatment for degassing. Using the Mo metal powder, a low-oxygen Mo ingot was prepared by repetitive vacuum arc melting. The oxygen content of the obtained Mo ingot was less than 70 ppm after vacuum arc melting for 30 min. The purity of the Mo metal powder and the ingot was evaluated using glow discharge mass spectrometry. The purity of the respective Mo ingots was increased to 3N and 4N grades from the Mo powder of 2N and 3N grades after the repetitive vacuum arc melting. The low oxygen Mo ingot thus can be used as a raw material for sputtering targets.