• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.449-462
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• 2020

This work aims to study effects of the crack and the surface energy on the free longitudinal vibration of axially functionally graded nanorods. The surface energy parameters considered are the surface stress, the surface density, and the surface Lamé constants. The cracked nanorod is modelled by dividing it into two parts connected by a linear spring in which its stiffness is related to the crack severity. The surface and bulk material properties are considered to vary in the length direction according to the power law distribution. Hamilton's principle is implemented to derive the governing equation of motion and boundary conditions. Considering the surface stress causes that the derived governing equation of motion becomes non-homogeneous while this was not the case in works that only the surface density and the surface Lamé constants were considered. To extract the frequencies of nanorod, firstly the non-homogeneous governing equation is converted to a homogeneous one using an appropriate change of variable, and then for clamped-clamped and clamped-free boundary conditions the governing equation is solved using the harmonic differential quadrature method. Since the present work considers effects of all the surface energy parameters, it can be claimed that this is a comprehensive work in this regard.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.201-222
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• 2013

A comprehensive simulation model for the transport process of fully coupled moisture and multi-species in non-saturated concrete structures is proposed. The governing equations of moisture and ion diffusion are formulated based on Fick's law and the Nernst-Planck equation, respectively. The governing equations are modified by explicitly including the coupling terms corresponding to the coupled mechanisms. The ionic interaction-induced electrostatic potential is described by electroneutrality condition. The model takes into account the two-way coupled effect of moisture diffusion and ion transport in concrete. The coupling parameters are evaluated based on the available experimental data and incorporated in the governing equations. Differing from previous researches, the material parameters related to moisture diffusion and ion transport in concrete are considered not to be constant numbers and characterized by the material models that account for the concrete mix design parameters and age of concrete. Then, the material models are included in the numerical analysis and the governing equations are solved by using finite element method. The numerical results obtained from the present model agree very well with available test data. Thus, the model can predict satisfactorily the ingress of deicing salts into non-saturated concrete.

• 호남수학학술지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.11-27
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• 2014

In this paper, we propose closures for multi-phase flow models, which satisfy boundary conditions and conservation constraints. The models governing the evolution of the fluid mixing are derived by applying an ensemble averaging procedure to the microphysical equations characterized by distinct phases. We consider compressible multi species multi-phase flow with surface tension and transport.

• 한국마린엔지니어링학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2005년도 후기학술대회논문집
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• pp.88-89
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• 2005

• 무역상무연구
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• 제66권
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• pp.119-148
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• 2015

Generally, the liability for breach is defined as the civil liability that arises from the conduct of violation of a contract. There are two notable principles governing liability for breach that have fundamental impacts on the unified Contract Law of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter Chinese Contract Law) in the remedies. In China, during the drafting of the Contract Law, there was a great debate as to whether damages for breach of contract ought to follow the fault principle or to follow the strict liability principle. Ultimately the Chinese Contract Law follows the model of the CISG on this point, namely, it follows the strict liability principle (article 107) with an exemption cause of force majeure. Under Chinese Contract Law, it is interpreted as strict liability in principle. Strict Liability is a notion introduced into Chinese Contract Law from the Anglo-Saxon Law. The strict liability or no fault doctrine, on the contrary, allows a party to claim damages if the other party fails to fulfill his contractual obligations regardless of the fault of the failing party. Pursuant to the strict liability doctrine, if the performance of a contract is due, any non-performance will constitute a breach and the fault on the party in breach is irrelevant. This paper reviews problems of legal character or legal ground of contractual liability in Chinese contract law. Specifically, focusing on the interpretation of Chinese contract law sections and analysis of three cases related contractual liability in freight agency, the paper proposes some implications of structural features of Chinese contract law and international commercial transactions.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제37권
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• pp.3-33
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• 2008

This study primarily concerns the seller's duty to deliver the goods in conformity with the contract under the United Nations Convention on International Sale of Goods(1980) in comparison with the Draft Principles of European Sales Law. It describes and analyzes the provisions of the CISG as to the seller's duty, focusing on main controversial issues among scholars in their application. It also attempts to compare the rules of the CISG with those of the Draft PESL and to evaluate them in light of the discipline of comparative law. This is for the purpose of facilitating the systematic development and reform of one jurisdiction by any solution from the other jurisdiction found by the comparative study. In addition, this study provides legal and practical advice to the contracting parties when they intends to insert the CISG or the Draft PESL in their contract as a governing law. The comparative study particularly focuses on the following aspects; first, requirements for conformity with the contract which deals with the concept of conformity with the contract, contractual requirements agreed between contractual parties, and implied requirements otherwise not agreed between contractual parties, second, the time when the goods must be in conformity with the contract, third, exclusions of the seller's duty to deliver the goods in conformity with the contract.

• 무역학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.133-146
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• 2020

In the UK's the insurance law 2015, a remedy for breach of warranty in marine insurance was introduced. Also, if the insured proves that breach of warranty in marine insurance does not affect damages, the insurer pays the insurance money to the insured. The UK's marine insurance law has served as the governing law that has been the standard for the marine insurance industry for a long time. Korea and China were heavily influenced by the UK maritime insurance law. Therefore, this study analyzed the cases of breach of warranty in marine insurance in Korea and China. Through this, the insurer avoid the insurance contract for an accident that occurred after the breach of warranty. this result will be different under the new revised insurance law system. With the revision to The Insurance Act 2015, one of the biggest change in the insurance system is that it is possible to remedy of the violations of warranty. However, such a revision of the law requires considerable attention as it also changes the interpretation and judgment of the courts. Accordingly, a practical response of the insurance industry is required. It is necessary to prepare for possible disputes in practice.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.88-105
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• 2022

Purpose - This paper studies whether economic sanctions can be used as grounds for a party to an international sales contract to get an exemption if he fails to meet his contractual obligation. Because the answer can differ depending on the governing law of the contract, this study focuses on CISG, the most widely recognized international uniform legal instrument as the governing law of the international sale of goods. Design/methodology - This paper focuses on analyzing the conditions to meet before getting an exemption under CISG. For such analysis, this paper examined various scholarly writings, cases, and hypothetical examples reflecting a wide variety of economic sanction measures. Findings - The findings of this paper are as follows. The main provision for exemption under CISG is Article 79(1), which provides for an exemption for a party that failed to perform if such failure was caused by an impediment that was uncontrollable, unforeseeable, and unavoidable; either a seller or a buyer may rely on the Article for his non-performance, delay, or defective performance. The Article is applicable not only where the economic sanction caused impossibility of performance but also where it caused hardship. The economic sanction will likely be found to be an uncontrollable impediment; however, it will be relatively more difficult to prove it to be unforeseeable or unavoidable. Originality/value - The subject of this paper is whether a party can be exempted from liability under CISG when he fails to perform his contractual obligations due to economic sanctions. Given that this issue is now actually faced by many involved in international trade, it is expected to provide practical help to practitioners and companies alike.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.281-302
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• 2023

In this paper, bending analysis of exponentially varying functionally graded (FG) plate is presented using trigonometric shear deformation theory (TSDT) considering both transverse shear and normal deformation effects. The in-plane displacement field consists of sinusoidal functions in thickness direction to include transverse shear strains and transverse displacement include the effect of transverse normal strain using the cosine function in thickness coordinate. The governing equations and boundary conditions of the theory are derived using the virtual work principle. System of governing equations, for simply supported conditions, Navier's solution technique is used to obtain results. Plate material properties vary across thickness direction according to exponential distribution law. In the current theory, transverse shear stresses are distributed accurately through the plate thickness, hence obviates the need for a shear correction factor. TSDT results are compared with those from other theories to ensure the accuracy and effectiveness of the present theory. The current theory is in excellent agreement with the semi-analytical theory.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.3-42
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• 2010

바르샤바협약 제1조에 의하면 국제운송이 아닌 경우, 즉 출발지, 도착지 모두가 체약국이 아닌 경우 및 순수한 국내운송에는 본 조약이 적용되지 않는다. 따라서, 이 경우에는 책임 및 손해배상에 대해서는 국제사법을 따라 준거법이 선택되어 져야 한다. 또한 국제운송의 경우에도 본 조약이 항공운송인과 승객의 모든 관계를 규율하는 것이 아니라, 어느 일정한 규칙의 통일이 목적이다. 이 "어느 규칙"의 적용범위에 없는 사건에는 국내법이 적용된다. 가장 중요한 것은 무엇보다도 제조물책임이다. 항공기제조자의 책임에 관해서는 역시 국제사법을 따라 준거법을 선택하지 않으면 안 된다. 또한 바르샤바협약 제17조가 적용되는 승객의 인신적 손해에 대해서는 제2조 2항 단서에서 명문으로 손해배상의 종류 및 주관적, 객관적 범위에 관해서는 국내법에 맡겨지고 있다. 이 경우에 법정지실질법에 의한다는 견해와, 법정지국제사법에 의한다는 견해가 대립되고 있다. 항공기사고 준거법관련 대표적인 대형사고로 중화항공기 일본 나고야공항 추락사고를 들 수 있다. 이 사고는 Air Bus사가 제조하고 중화항공이 소유 운항하는 타이완(타이베이)발 일본(나고야) 도착예정 항공편인 여객기가 목적지 나고야 공항에 착륙하기 위해 강하하던 중, 나고야 공항 부근에 추락하여 승객, 승무원 등 264명이 사망하고 승객 7명이 부상당하고, 수화물 등이 멸실된 대형 항공기사고이다. 이 사건에서 원고는 사망한 승객 및 승무원의 유족 및 생존 피해자 중 1명이며, 본건 사고항공기의 운항자인 중화항공에 대하여는 "국제항공운송에 대한 규칙의 통일에 관한 조약(헤이그의정서, 1967년 조약 제11호)"에 의해 개정된 바르샤바협약(1953년 조약 제17호; 이하, 개정 바르샤바협약이라 한다) 제17조, 제18조에 의해 손해배상 청구권 및 불법행위에 의한 손해배상청구권에 기초하여, 또한 본건 사고 항공기의 제조사인 Air Bus사에 대해서는 불법행위에 의한 손해배상청구권에 기초하여 연대손해배상을 청구한 사건이다. 생존자 1명과, 일본 내 유족회, 대만의 유족들로 구성된 통일 원고단은 총236명의 손해배상청구에 대한 판결에서 중화항공에 대한 배상제한을 부정하고, 손해전액의 배상책임을 긍정하여 총 50억 2640만여엔의 지급을 명하였다. Air Bus사의 책임에 대해서는 "기체의 설계가 곧바로 결함이라고는 할수 없다"고 하여 청구를 기각하였다. 타이완 거주 피해자의 손해에 있어서 일실이익의 산정에 대해서는 "원칙적으로 사고 전의 현실 수입액에 기초하여 장래에 걸쳐 얻어질 이자수입액을 인정하고, 이것을 기초수입으로 산정해야 함은 일본거주 피해자의 경우와 ... 다른 점이 없다"고 판시한다. 중화항공사측은 이 판결을 받아들여 즉시 "판결을 존중하며, 보험회사에 배상사무를 진행시킨다"는 성명을 발표하였고, 상소하지 않는다는 방침을 표명했다. 당시의 사고지역인 일본경제신문 조간에 의하면 상소한 원고의 대부분이 상소취하에 의한 판결의 확정을 바라고 있었으며, 동 소송은 제소시부터 8년여가 지나면서 대부분의 원고에 대해서 마무리 될 전망이었다. 상소하지 않는 이유에 대해서는 중화항공의 대리인이 "재판에 오랜 시간이 소요되고, 유족이나 관계자에게 심적 부담을 주는 것 이었다. 판결에서는 받아들여지지 않은 점도 있지만, 더 이상 중화항공측과 다투는 것은 피하고 싶다"고 했다. 판결에까지 이른 항공사고소송으로서는 원고수로 보나 청구액에서 최대 규모라 할 수 있다. 이러한 대규모적 손해배상청구사건에서는 항공회사의 책임에 대하여, 항공운송계약의 위반으로 계약준거법을 결정하는 것이 아주 복잡하다. 개별적인 사정에 기초한 계약체결지나 출발지, 도달지 등을 감안하여 각각 결정하여야 하기 때문이다.