• 미생물학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.85-90
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• 1984

Two viruses were isolated from kidney and spleen tissues of goldfish(Carasius auratus) and the ovarian fluid of chum salmon(Oncorhynchus keta). Both viruses replicated and produced cytopathic effect in EPC, CHSE-214, and CHH-1 cell lines at $15^{\circ}C$. The isolates were resistant to pH 3 and choloroform. Antiserum to infections pancreatic necrosis virus(IPNV) serotype VR 299 neutralized the infectivity of both of the isolates. Electron microscopy showed that the particles had typical IPNV particle morphology with average diameters of 55nm, This paper describes the first isolation of viruses infecting cultured fish in Korea.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.75-82
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• 1994

Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) is known as important criteria for ecotoxicology on hazardous chemicals. But there is no standard method for determining BCF and reported BCFs were slightly different in accordance with authors. This study was performed with aims to determine BCFs on BPMC and Carbaryl. Carassius auratus(goldfish) be chosen as test organism and test period were 3-day, 5-day and 10-day. Extract solvents were n-hexane and acetonitrile. GC-ECD was used to detecting carbamates. The obtained results were as follows: 1. It was possible to determine short term BCF$_s$ of Carbaryl or BPMC through relatively simple procedure. 2. BCF$_3$ of Carbaryl in concentration of 1, 2, 5, 10 ppm were 0.34 $\pm$ 0.06, 0.18 $\pm$ 0.02, 0.10 $\pm$ 0.01, 0.06 $\pm$ 0.01 respectively. BCF$_5$ of Carbaryl were 0.34 $\pm$ 0.05, 0.18 $\pm$ 0.02, 0.13 $\pm$ 0.01 and 0.07 $\pm$ 0.01, BCF$_{10}3$ of Carbaryl were 0.45 $\pm$ 0.05, 0.27 $\pm$ 0.02, 0.16 $\pm$ 0.02 and 0.09 $\pm$ 0.01. BCF$_3$ of BPMC in concentration of 1, 2, 5 ppm were 4.66 $\pm$ 0.17, 2.64 $\pm$ 0.49, 1.88 $\pm$ 0.24 respectively. BCF$_5$ of BPMC were 4.09 $\pm$ 0.50, 2.42 $\pm$ 0.37 and 1.83 $\pm$ 0.15. 3. BCF$_s$ of BPMC were decreased as increasing concentration. However, BPMC concentration in fish were increased in contrast to BCF. But more concentrated BPMC was found in fish 3-day test than found concentration in fish 5-day test. 4. Same trend appeared in Carbaryl. BCF$_s$ of Carbaryl were decreased as increasing concentration and prolonging test period. But found Carbaryl concentration in fish were increased. 5. BCF$_s$ of BPMC were higher than that of Carbaryl by 10 times, in spite of the physicochemical properties of the two carbamates were similar to each other. Further study is recommended to find out the reason of the difference.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.252-259
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• 2006

갭 정션(gap junction)은 다양한 세포에 분포되어 있으며 분자 수준의 작은 물질들이 자유롭게 교환되는 전기적 시냅스다. 망막에서, 갭 정션의 차단이 동물의 동작 감지(motion detection)에 실제적으로 어떤 영향을 주는지에 대해서는 거의 조사되지 않았다. 본 연구에서는, 망막 세포간의 전기적 시냅스를 조절하는 약물이 금붕어의 동작 감지에 어떠한 영향을 주는지를 조사하기 위해 시각운동 반응(optometer response, OMR)이 사용되었다. 갭 정션 차단제인 carbenoxolone, 8-bromo cyclic AMP, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), 8-bromo-cyclic GMP 등의 초자체 내 주사는 광- 및 암-상태에서 모두 OMR을 감소시켰다. 광-상태에서 dopamine, SKF-38393 및 eticlopride의 주사는 OMR을 감소시킨 반면 SCH-23390의 주사는 OMR을 증가시켰다. 암-상태에서는 결과가 반대로 나타났다: 즉 dopamine, SKF-38393 및 eticlopride의 주사는 OMR을 증가시킨 반면 SCH-23390의 주사는 OMR을 감소시켰다. 이러한 결과는 망막 세포들 사이의 갭 정션이 금붕어의 동작 감지에 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있음을 시사한다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.131-134
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• 1988

어류에 의한 물과 멱이로부터의 물질 흡수를 연구하기 위하여 방사성 동위원소를 추적자로 이용하였다. 금붕어가 들어있는 네개의 수조에 Co-57을 처리한 후 각기 다른 온도 조건하에서 실험을 실시하였고, 또 다른 네개 수조의 어류는 동위원소를 처리한 먹이를 주었다. 실험결과로부터 수온은 물로부터의 코발트 흡수에 거의 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 물에 동위 원소를 처리한 후 13일째 어류가 흡수한 코발트의 양은 총가용량의 0.0006%에 불과해 물을 통한 흡수과정은 매우 서서히 진행됨을 알 수 있었다. 먹이를 통해 어류체내에 흡수된 방사능은 90일간의 실험기간에 걸쳐 시간경과에 따라 선형 증가 양상을 보였으며, 실험 개시 후 90일째에 마리당 투여한 총 방사능의 12% 수준에서 거의 평형상태에 도달하였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.38-47
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• 1995

The Bioconcentration factor (BCF) is used as an important criterion in the risk assessment of environmental contaminants. Also it can be used as indicator of biomagnification of environmentally hazardous chemicals through food-chain as well as a tool for ranking the bioconcentration potential of the chemicals in the environment. This paper reports the measured BCF value on Chlorothalonil in Carassius auratus(goldfish), under steady state, and examined correlation between the BCF value and the partition coefficient or acute toxicity or physicochemical properties. Carassius auratus(goldfish) was chosen as test organism and test period were 3-day, 5-day. Experimental concentrations were 0.005, 0.01 and 0.05 ppm. Chlorothalonil in fish tissue and in test water were extracted with n-hexane and acetonitrile. GC-ECD was used to detecting and quantitating of Chlorothalonil. Partition coefficient was determined by stir-flask method. $LC_{50}$ was determined on Chlorothalonil. Carbaryl and BPMC. The obtained results were as follows. 1. It was possible to determine short term BCFs of Chlorothalonil through relatively simple procedure in environmental concentrations. 2. $BF_3$ of Chlorothalonil in concentration of 0.005, 0.01 and 0.05 ppm were 2.1866$\pm$0.23446, 3.5269$\pm$0.23517, 10.2045$\pm$0.18053 and BCFs were 6.6543$\pm$0.55257, 6.9774$\pm$0.02500, 23.4576$\pm$2.06884, respectively. 3. Chlorothalonil concentration in fish extract and BCFs of Chlorothalonil were increased as increasing test concentration and prolonging test period. 4. Fate of test-water concentration on Chlorothalonil was greater than that of control-water con-centration. It is considered that greater fate of test-water concentration on Chlorothalonil is due to hydrolyzing nitrile group under the mild condition and substituting chloro group by some aromatic compounds in test water. 5. Determined logP of Chlorothalonil was 2.80. And determined $LC_{50}$ of Chlorothalonil in time of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr were 0.1684, 0.1402, 0.1400, 0.1352(mg/l) respectively. And $LC_{50}$ of Carbaryl in above times were 19.918, 18.635, 18.466, 18.12(mg/l) respectively. $LC_{50}$ of BPMC were 10.248, 9.166, 9.087, 8.921(mg/l) respectively. 6. It is suggested that the BCF of Carbamates depend on partition coefficients. But BCF of Chlorothalonil, organochlorine pesticide, would be strongly influenced by steric, electronic effect of substituents than partition coefficient.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1360-1366
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• 2016

Heat shock proteins (HSPs)은 다양한 생리학적인 또는 환경적 스트레스에 응답하여 유도된다. 그러나 HSPs의 전사 활성은 heat shock factors (HSFs)에 의해 조절 된다. 현재 연구에서는 붕어와 마우스의 간세포 배양에서 열 스트레스에 의한 heat shock factor 1 (HSF1)의 패턴 차이와 heat shock protein 70 (HSP70)의 발현을 면역분석법을 이용하여 조사하였다. 붕어의 간세포는 $33^{\circ}C$에서 trimer를 이루지만 마우스의 간세포는 $42^{\circ}C$에서 trimer를 이루었다. 이 연구는 붕어와 마우스의 HSF1은 열 스트레스로부터 다른 온도에서 반응을 한다는 것을 보여준다. 또한 재조합 단백질을 이용하여 붕어와 인간의 HSF1의 온도에 따른 활성 조건을 CD spectroscopy와 면역분석을 이용하여 조사하였다. 이러한 결과들은 인간과 마우스 HSF1과 붕어의 HSF1은 온도에 의한 활성 변화를 보이지만 그들의 최적 활성 온도는 다르다는 것을 알 수 있다.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.177-182
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• 1992

카이토산이 수중의 수은 제거에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여, 금붕어를 사용하여 염화수은을 사용한 군 (대조군, n=75, 농도=0.6 $mg/{\ell}1.0mg/{\ell}$)과 염화수은에 카이토산을 첨가한 군(실험군, n=75, 농도=1.2 $mg/{\ell}\~2.0mg/{\ell}$)의 폐사율을 비교 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 염화수은에 대한 금붕어의 48 시간 동안의 반수치사 농도 ($LC_{50}$)는 0.6$mg/{\ell}$ 와 0.7 $mg/{\ell}$ 사이였다. 대조군에 있어서 수은의 농도가 증가함에 따라 폐사율이 현저하게 증가되었다 (P<0.05). 그러나, 카이토산이 첨가된 실험군에 있어서는 폐사율이 감소되었으며 수은 농도가 높은 경우 $100{\%}$ 폐사에 이르는 시간이 연장되었다(P<0.05). 상기 결과로서 카이토산이 수중의 수은 제거와 금붕어에 수은의 독성을 완화시키는 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2016

This study aims to estimate the species, size and shape of fish using a non-contact 3 dimensional pattern laser so that this preliminary test was carried out to understand the structural feature and length of goldfish according to water turbidity and depth in the aquacultural tank. 3-D pattern laser could clearly detect its morphological shape except the caudal fin due to soft tissue. Since the sensing strength of line laser light according to depth has sufficient power, it is possible to measure its depth and structural feature in the detected range. The result showed that the measured error of individual's fork length was less than ${\pm}1%$ in the water using 3-D pattern laser, when compared with the measured value in the air.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.219-224
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• 2012

Understanding how the b-wave of the electroretinogram (ERG) is generated by full-field light stimulation is still a challenge in visual neuroscience. To understand more about the origin of the b-wave, we studied the contributions of gap junctions to the ERG b-wave. Many types of retinal neurons are connected to similar and different neighboring neurons through gap junctions. The photopic (cone-dominated) ERG, stimulated by a small light beam, was recorded from goldfish (Carassius auratus) using a corneal electrode. Data were obtained before and after intravitreal injection of agents into the eye under a photopic illumination level. Several agents were used to affect gap junctions, such as dopamine D1 and D2 receptor agonists and antagonists, a nitric oxide (NO) donor, a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, the gap junction blocker meclofenamic acid (MFA), and mixtures of these agents. The ERG b-waves, which were enhanced by MFA, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), SKF 38393, and sulpiride, remained following application of a further injection of a mixture with MFA. The ERG b-waves decreased following $N^G$-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), SCH 23390, and quinpirole administration but were enhanced by further injection of a mixture with MFA. These results indicate that gap junction activity influences b-waves of the ERG related to NO and dopamine actions.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.72-82
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• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the effect of co-existence of BPMC, carbaryl and chlorothalonil on the short-term bioconcentration factor in Carassius auratus(goldfish). The fishes were exposed to the combined treatment of BPMC, carbaryl and chlorothalonil (0.05 ppm+0.05 ppm+0.005 ppm, 0.05 ppm+0.05 ppm+0.010 ppm, 0.05 ppm+0.10 ppm+0.005 ppm, 0.10 ppm+0.05 ppm+0.005 ppm, 0.10 ppm+0.10 ppm+0.005 ppm) for 3 and 5 days, respectively. BPMC, carbaryl and chlorothalonil in fish and in test water were extracted with n-hexane and acetonitrile. GC-ECD was used to detect and quantitate BPMC, carbaryl and chlorothalonil. 3-day and 5-day bioconcentration factors(BCF$_3$ and BCF$_5$) of each pesticide were calculated from the quantitation results. The depuration rate of each pesticide-from the whole body of fish was determined over the 72-h period after combined treatment.The results were as follows: BCF$_3$ values of BPMC were 4.163, 4.011, 4.122, 4.750 and 4.842 when the concentration of BPMC+ carbaryl+chlorothalonil in combined treatment were 0.05 ppm+0.05 ppm+0.005 ppm, 0.05 ppm+0.05 ppm+0.010 ppm, 0.05 ppm+0.10 ppm+0.005 ppm, 0.10 ppm+0.05 ppm+0.005 ppm and 0.10 ppm+ 0.10 ppm+0.005 ppm. BCF$_5$ values of BPMC were 3.465, 3.270, 3.472, 3.162, 4.227 and 4.157, respectively, under the above conditions. While BCF$_3$ values of carbaryl were 4.583, 4.642, 4.571, 3. 637 and 3.529, respectively, and BCF$_5$ values of carbaryl were 3.932, 3.797, 3.843, 4.293 and 4.132, respectively, under the conditions. While BCF$_3$ values of chlorothalonil were 2.024, 3.532, 2.213, 2.157 and 2.271, respectively, and BCF$_5$ of chlorothalonil were 6.712, 7.013, 6.457, 6.694 and 6.597, respectively, under the conditions. Depuration rate constants of BPMC were 0.019, 0.018, 0.020, 0.022 and 0.021 when the concentration of BPMC+carbaryl+chlorothalonil in combined treatment were the same as above. And depuration rate constants of carbaryl were 0.030, 0.029, 0.030, 0.029 and 0.031, respectively, under the same condition of pesticide mixtures. While depuration rate constants of chlorothalonil were 0.004, 0.004, 0.003, 0.004 and 0.003, respectively, under the same condition. It was observed that no significant differences of BCFs and concentrations of the compounds in fish extracts, test water between combined treatment and single treatment. It was considered that no appreciable interaction at experimental concentrations was due to low concentrations, near environmental level, 0.005-0.1 ppm. Coexistence of BPMC, carbaryl and chlorothalonil had no effect on depuration rate of each pesticide and depuration rate of chlorothalonil was investigated 1/8 and 1/6 slower than those of carbaryl and BPMC in combined treatment. It is similar result in comparison with single treatment. Therefore, it is considered that the persistence of chlorothalonil in fish body would be higher than those of carbaryl and BPMC.