• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.367-376
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The blue honeysuckle berry (Lonicera caerulea var. edulis L.) is a small deciduous shrub belonging to the Caprifoliaceae family that is native to Russia, China, Japan, and Korea. The berry of this shrub is edible, sweet and juicy and is commonly known as the blue honeyberry (BHB). This study examined the anti-diabetic potential of BHB on high-fat-diet-induced mild diabetic mice. The hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective effects of the 12-week oral administration of blue honeyberry extract were analyzed. MATERIALS/METHODS: The hypoglycemic effects were based on the observed changes in insulin, blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Furthermore, the changes in the weight of the pancreas, including its histopathology and immunohistochemical investigation were also performed. Moreover, the nephroprotective effects were analyzed by observing the changes in kidney weight, its histopathology, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine levels. RESULTS: The results showed that the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced control mice showed a noticeable increase in blood glucose, insulin, HbA1c, BUN, and creatinine levels. Furthermore, growth was observed in lipid droplet deposition related to the degenerative lesions in the vacuolated renal tubules with the evident enlargement and hyperplasia of the pancreatic islets. In addition, in the endocrine pancreas, there was an increase in the insulin-and glucagon-producing cells, as well as in the insulin/glucagon cell ratios. On the other hand, compared to the HFD-treated mice group, all these diabetic and related complications were ameliorated significantly in a dose-dependent manner after 84 days of the continuous oral administration of BHBe at 400, 200 and 100 mg/kg, and a dramatic resettlement in the hepatic glucose-regulating enzyme activities was observed. CONCLUSIONS: By assessing the key parameters for T2DM, the present study showed that the BHBe could act as a potential herbal agent to cure diabetes (type II) and associated ailments in HFD-induced mice.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.187-193
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• 2000

Regional distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in the pancreas of the red-eared slider, Trachemys scripta elegans, were investigated by immunohistochemical methods. Chromogranin (Cg) A-, serotonin-, insulin-, glucagon-, somatostatin-, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP)- and human pancreatic polypeptede (HPP)-immunoreactive cells were identified in this study. Most of immunoreactive cells in the exocrine and endocrine pancreas (Langerhans islet) were generally spherical or spindle-shaped (open-typed cell), while occasionally cells round in shape (close-typed cell) were found in the basal portion or interepithelial regions of the pancreatic duct. These immunoreactive cells were located in the exocrine, endocrine pancreas and/or basal or interepithelial portion of the pancreatic duct. Serotonin-immunoreactive cells were found in the basal portion of epithelia of the pancreatic duct at a low frequency and interacinar region of the exocrine at a moderate frequency. Insulin-immunoreactive cells were found in the central portion of the endocrine pancreas, interacinar regions of the exocrine pancreas and basal portion of the epithelia of the pancreatic duct at high, moderate and low frequencies, respectively. Glucagon-immunoreactive cells were detected in the periphery of the endocrine pancreas, interacinar region of the exocrine pancreas and basal portion of the epithelia or interepithelia of the pancreatic duct at high, moderate and moderate frequencies, respectively. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were dispersed in the whole area of the endocrine pancreas, interacinar regions of exocrine pancreas and basal portion of the epithelia or interepithelia of the pancreatic duct at a moderate frequency. BPP- and HPP-immunoreactive cells were detected in the iinteracinar region of the exocrine pancreas at moderate and hige frequencies, respectively. However, no Cg A- and motilin-immunoreactive cells were detected in this study.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.689-697
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• 1999

The regional distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in the alimentary tract of the snake, Rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus, were investigated by immunohistochemical method using 7 antisera. Chromogranin (Cg)-, glucagon-, somatostatin-, gastrin/cholecystokinin (Gas/CCK)-, serotonin-, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP)-immunoreactive cells were identified in this study. Cg-immunoreactive cells were detected throughout the alimentary tract including the esophagus, with predominant frequency in the pylorus. Numerous immunoreactive cells were observed from the esophagus to the pylorus but a few cells were detected in the large intestine. Glucagon-immunoreactive cells were observed from the proximal portions to the distal portions of the small intestine. They were increased to the middle portions but thereafter decreased, and no cells were found in the terminal portions. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the small intestine and these cells were decreased toward to distal portions of the small intestine. Gas/CCK-immunoreactive cells were detected in the pylorus and small intestine. They were most predominant in the pylorus and the proximal portions of the small intestine but thereafter decreased toward to the distal regions. Serotonin-immunoreactive cells were observed throughout the alimentary tract. They were most predominant in the pylorus and proximal portions of the small intestine but a few cells were observed in the large intestine. BPP-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the distal portions of the small intestine with rare frequency. No bombesin-immunoreactive cells were found in this study.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.780-789
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• 2022

Background: Incretin impairment, characterized by insufficient secretion of L-cell-derived glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), is a defining step of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Ginsenoside compound K (CK) can stimulate GLP-1 secretion; however, the potential mechanism underlying this effect has not been established. Methods: CK (40 mg/kg) was administered orally to male db/db mice for 4 weeks. The body weight, oral glucose tolerance, GLP-1 secretion, gut microbiota sequencing, bile acid (BA) profiles, and BA synthesis markers of each subject were then analyzed. Moreover, TGR5 expression was evaluated by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence, and L-cell lineage markers involved in L-cell abundance were analyzed. Results: CK ameliorated obesity and impaired glucose tolerance in db/db mice by altering the gut microbiota, especially Ruminococcaceae family, and this changed microbe was positively correlated with secondary BA synthesis. Additionally, CK treatment resulted in the up-regulation of CYP7B1 and CYP27A1 and the down-regulation of CYP8B1, thereby shifting BA biosynthesis from the classical pathway to the alternative pathway. CK altered the BA pool by mainly increasing LCA and DCA. Furthermore, CK induced L-cell number expansion leading to enhanced GLP-1 release through TGR5 activation. These increases were supported by the upregulation of genes governing GLP-1 secretion and L-cell differentiation. Conclusions: The results indicate that CK improves glucose homeostasis by increasing L-cell numbers, which enhances GLP-1 release through a mechanism partially mediated by the gut microbiota-BA-TGR5 pathway. Therefore, that therapeutic attempts with CK might be useful for patients with T2DM.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.477-484
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• 2001

붕어 (Carassius auratus Linnaeus)의 장에 존재하는 소화관 내분비세포의 부위별 분포 및 출현빈도를 포유류의 peptide에 대한 10종류의 항혈청을 사용하여 면역조직화학적 방법으로 관찰하였다. 붕어의 장은 근위부에서부터 원위부까지 5 등분했으며 (Segments I~V), 대부분의 면역반응세포들은 상피부분의 상피세포들 사이 공간에서 관찰되었으며, 장 내강까지 신장되어 있는 긴 세포질돌기를 함유한 방추형의 개방형 세포 (open type cell)들이 주로 관찰되었으나, 세포질돌기 없이 원형 또는 타원형의 형태를 나타내는 폐쇄형 세포 (close type cell)들 역시 소수 관찰되었다. 본 실험에서는 somatostatin, cholecystokinin (CCK)-8 및 pancreatic polypeptide (PP) 면역반응세포들이 관찰되었으나, serotonin, glucagon, chromogranin A, secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P 및 bombesin 면역반응세포들은 관찰되지 않았다. 한편 somatostatin 면역반응세포들은 장의 가장 근위부인 Segment I에 국한되어 극소수 관찰되었으며, CCK-8 면역반응세포들은 장의 근위부인 Segment I과 II에서 소수 또는 극소수의 빈도로 관찰되었다. PP 면역반응세포들 역시 장의 근위부에서 중간 부위인 Segment I에서부터 III에 걸쳐 중등도 또는 극소수의 빈도로 출현하였다. 이상에서 붕어 위 내분비세포들의 부위별 분포 및 출현 빈도는 다른 위가 없는 경골어류 (stomachless teleost)에서의 보고들과 유사하였으나, 독특한 분포를 나타내는 면역반응세포들 역시 관찰되었다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.133-143
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• 2021

Background Extensive research has been conducted on islet transplantation as a possible cure for diabetes. Islet transplantation in the liver via the portal vein has shown remarkable results, but numerous other recipient sites are currently being investigated. We aimed to show the effectiveness of using a muscle flap as a recipient site for islet transplantation. Methods Islet cells were harvested from 12 isogenic Lewis rats, and then diabetes was induced in another 12 isogenic Lewis rats by streptozotocin injection. In six rats, 3,000 islets were transplanted into gastrocnemius muscle flaps, and in the other six rats, the same number of islets were transplanted into the gastrocnemius muscle. The transplanted islet cell function between the two groups was compared by means of blood glucose tests, glucose tolerance tests, immunohistochemistry, and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results In the muscle flap group, blood glucose levels significantly decreased after islet transplantation. Blood glucose levels were significantly different between the two groups at 3 weeks after transplantation. The muscle flap group showed nearly normoglycemic results upon the glucose tolerance test, whereas the muscle group was hyperglycemic. Immunohistochemical evaluation showed positive results against insulin and glucagon in biopsies of both groups, and the islet cell density was higher in the muscle flap group. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction results. Conclusions Our results suggest that muscle flaps are promising candidates for islet cell transplantation.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.289-297
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• 2002

쏘가리 (Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner)의 위장관에 존재하는 내분비세포의 부위별 분포 및 출현빈도를 포유류의 peptide에 대한 7종류의 항혈청을 사용하여 면역조직화학적 방법으로 관찰하였다. 쏘가리의 위장관은 근위부에서부터 원위부까지 위, 소장 및 대상으로 3 등분 하였으며, 다양한 종류의 항혈청에 면역반응성을 나타내는 면역반응세포들이 상피세포 사이와 위샘 또는 장샘에서 관찰되었다. 상피세포 사이에서는 대부분의 면역반응세포들은 장 내강까지 신장되어 있는 긴 세포질 돌기를 함유한 방추형의 개방형 세포 (open type cell)로 관찰되었으며, 세포질 돌기 없이 원형 또는 타원형의 형태를 나타내는 폐쇄형 세포 (close type cell)들이 위 부위에서 소수 관찰되었다. 본 실험에서는 serotonin, somatostatin, pastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK)-8 및 human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP) 면역반응세포들이 관찰되었으나, insulin 및 glucagon 면역반응세포들은 관찰되지 않았다. Serotonin 및 somatostatin 면역반응세포들은 위 부위에 국한되어 각각 중등도 및 다수의 출현빈도로 관찰되었다. 또한 gastrin 면역반응세포들은 위와 소장에서 출현하였으며, 각각 소수 및 중등도의 출현빈도를 나타내었고, CCK-8 면역반응세포들은 소장에 국한되어 중등도의 출현빈도를 나타내었다. 한편 HPP 면역반응세포들은 위와 소장에서 다수 관찰되었다. 이상에서 쏘가리 위장관 내분비세포들의 부위별 분포 및 출현 빈도는 다른 경골어류에 비해 특이한 양상을 나타내는 것으로 관찰되었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.321-331
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• 1992

The regional distribution and relative frequency of gastrointestinal endocrine cells were studied immunohistochemically in the gastrointestinal mucosa and pancreas of the fresh water turtle. Ten kinds of endocrine cells were identified in the gastrointestinal tract. Cholecystokinin-8-, bovine pancreatic polypetide-and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were seen throughout the gastrointestinal tract, also among them cholecystokinin-8-immunoreactive cells were most predominant in segment III. Although gastrin- and gastrin/cholecystokinin-immunoreactive cells were found from segment III to VI and X, respectively, they were numerous in segment III. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were observed from segment I to VII. 5-hydroxytryptamine- immunoreactive cells were detected in segment I, III, VIII, IX and X. Human pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive cells were demonstrated in segment V, VI, VIII, IX and X. Insulin-immunoreactive cells were found from segment III to X except for segment VIII, but rare in segment VII. Neurotensin-immunoreactive cells were found to be restricted to segment VIII, IX and X. No porcine chromogranin-, substance P- and bombesin-immunoreactive cells were detected throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the fresh water turtle. Although typical mammalian pancreatic islets encapsulated by connective tissue were not present in this species, five kinds of endocrine cells-glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, bovine pancreatic polypeptide and 5-hydroxytryptamine-were found in forming small or large groups and scattered in the exocrine gland region. However porcine chromogranin- and motilin-immunoreactive cells could not be demonstrated in the pancreas.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.383-394
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• 1990

The gastrointestinal endocrine cells of the Pond tortoise, Amyda sinensis were studied immunohistochemically, and somatostatin-, gastrin/cholecystokinin(GAS/CCK)-, glucagon-, 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)-, insulin- and chromogranin-immunoreactive cells were revealed. The characteristic findings of the regional distribution and relative frequency of these immunoreative cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the Pond tortoise were as follows; A few somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were distributed from the segment I to the segment V. GAS/CCK-immunoreactive cells were found from the segment III to the segment VII. These cells were numerous in the segment III and a few in the other segments. A few glucagon-immunoreactive cells were found in the segment I and rare in the segment II. 5-HT-immunoreactive cells were found throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Numerous numbers of them were found in the segment I, while moderate or a few in the other segments. Insulin-immunoreactive cells were distributed from the segment II to the segment IX. Moderate numbers of them were found in the segment VIII and IX, while a few in the other segments. Chromogranin-immunoreactive cells were found from the segment III to the segment VI. Moderate numbers of these cells were found in the segment IV and V, while a few in the other segments. BPP-immunoreactive cells were not observed throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the Pond tortoise, Amyda sinensis.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.1038-1048
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• 1999

The regional distributions and relative frequencies of the gastrointestinal endocrine cells in the bean goose (Anser fabalis Latham) were investigated by immunohistochemical methods using bovine Sp-1/chromogranin (CG), serotonin, gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK)-8, somatostatin and glucagon antisera. BCG-immunoreactive cells were widespread throughout the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) with moderated frequencies except for the gizzard and proventriculus which were a few frequencies. Serotonin-immunoreactive cells were detected throughout the GIT except for the proventriculus and gizzard. These cells were observed in the pylorus with rare frequencies but numerous cells were detected in the intestinal tract. Gastrin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the gizzard, pylorus and duodenum. These cells were most predominant in the pylorus and a few or rare in the gizzard and duodenum, respectively. CCK-8-immunoreactive cells were observed from the gizzard to ileum. The highest frequencies of endocrine cells were observed in the duodenum. These cells were increased from the gizzard to duodenum but thereafter decreased. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were detected in the GIT except for the large intestine. In the proventriculus and pylorus, numerous immunoreactive cells were demonstrated but a few cells were present in the other regions. Glucagon cells were observed in the gizzard, pylorus, ileum, colon and rectum with a few or moderated numbers.