• 대한수의학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2002

ICR 마우스 췌장에 존재하는 내분비세포의 부위별 분포 및 상대적 빈도를 4 종류의 항혈청 즉, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin 및 human pancreatic polypeptide (PP)을 사용하여 면역조직화학적 방법으로 관찰하였다. 마우스의 췌장은 췌장섬, 외분비부 및 췌관의 3 부분으로 구별되었으며, 췌장섬은 이들 면역반응세포들의 출현 부위에 따라 다시 중심부분, mantle부분 및 가장자리부분으로 다시 세분되었다. 췌장섬의 경우, insulin 면역반응세포들은 주로 췌장섬의 중심부분과 mantle 부분에서 주로 관찰되었으나, somatostatin, glucagon 및 PP 면역반응세포들은 다양한 출현빈도를 나타내며 주로 mantle부분과 가장자리부분에 걸쳐 관찰되었다. 또한 극소수의 PP 면역반응세포들은 췌장섬의 중심부분에서도 관찰되었다. 외분비부에서도 insulin, glucagon, somatostatin 및 PP 면역반응세포들 모두 관찰되었으며, 주로 외분비 샘포 세포 사이공간에서 관찰되었다. 췌관에서는 insulin 및 glucagon 면역반응세포들이 소수 또는 극소수의 빈도로 췌관 상피세포 사이공간에서 관찰되었으며, 극소수의 PP 면역반응세포들 역시 췌관상피 아래부위에서 관찰되었으나, somatostatin 면역반응세포들은 이 부위에서 관찰되지 않았다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2024

As in type 1 diabetes, the loss of pancreatic β-cells leads to insulin deficiency and the subsequent development of hyperglycemia. Exercise has been proposed as a viable remedy for hyperglycemia. Lithium, which has been used as a treatment for bipolar disorder, has also been shown to improve glucose homeostasis under the conditions of obesity and type 2 diabetes by enhancing the effects of exercise on the skeletal muscles. In this study, we demonstrated that unlike in obesity and type 2 diabetic conditions, under the condition of insulin-deficient type 1 diabetes, lithium administration attenuated pancreatic a-cell mass without altering insulin-secreting β-cell mass, implying a selective impact on glucagon production. Additionally, we also documented that lithium downregulated the hepatic gluconeogenic program by decreasing G6Pase protein levels and upregulating AMPK activity. These findings suggest that lithium's effect on glucose metabolism in type 1 diabetes is mediated through a different mechanism than those associated with exercise-induced metabolic changes in the muscle. Therefore, our research presents the novel therapeutic potential of lithium in the treatment of type 1 diabetes, which can be utilized along with insulin and independently of exercise.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.686-695
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• 1998

Histological changes, distributions and relative frequencies of bovine Sp-1/chromogranin (bCG)-, serotonin-, gastrin-, cholecystokinin-8(CCK-8)-, somatostatin-, S-100 protein-, polypeptide YY(PYY)- and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were investigated in the gizzard and pylorus of the chicken embryos from 10 days of incubation to hatching. Histologically, the pseudostratified columnar epithelium were observed from 10 days of incubation to 15 days of incubation, thereafter these epithelium were differentiated to simple columnar epithelium, gastric gland and/or mucosal gland. In the gizzard, bCG-immunoreactive cells were observed from 19 days of incubation and S-100 protein-immunoreactive cells were detected from 15 days of incubation to 18 days of incubation. No serotonin-, gastrin-, CCK-8-, somatostatin-, PYY- and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were found in this region. In the pylorus, bCG-, gastrin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were observed from 16 days of incubation respectively, thereafter these cells were increased with ages. CCK-8-immunoreactive cells were detected on hatching and S-100 protein-immunoreactive cells were detected from 16 days of incubation to 18 days of incubation. No serotonin-, PYY- and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were observed in this region.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.333-339
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• 1992

The regional distribution and relative frequency of occurrence of endocrine cells in nine segments of the gastrointestinal(GI) tract of snakehead(Ophicephalus argus) were investigated by immunohistochemical methods using specific antisera against 5- hydroxyptrytamine(5-HT), somatostatin, gastrin/cholecystokinin(GAS/CCK), glucagon, bovine chromogranin, porcine chromogranin and insulin. Four types of immunoreactive cells for 5-HT, somatostatin, GAS/CCK and glucagon were observed in the GI tract. These cells were generally appeared in the mucosal epithelia or located at the interface of the mucosal epithelial layer and intestinal glandular region. 5-HT-immunoreactive(IR) cells were found in segment II, III, IV, V and VI, and the most numerous in segment IV. Somatostatin-IR cells were found in segment II, III, IV and V, and the most numerous in segment III. GAS/CCK-IR cells in segment VI, VII and glucagon-IR cells in segment III, IV, V were detected but a few in these segments. No bovine chromogranin-, porcine chromogranin- and insulin-IR cells were detected throughout the GI tract of the snakehead.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.11-21
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• 1996

활동기와 동면기에서 산개구리의 위상관내분비세포를 면역조직화학적으로 비교 관찰하였던 바, 5-HT, somatostatin, glucagon, Gas/CCK, Porcine CG 및 BPP 등 6종류의 내분비세포를 동정하였으며, 동면기의 산개구리 위장관에서는 활동기에 비해 내분비세포의 부위별 분포 및 출현빈도에 있어서 특징적인 소견을 관찰할 수 있었다. 즉 면역반응세포의 출현빈도는 동면기에서 현저하게 높았으며, 부위별 출현분포 특히, glucagon-, Gas/CCK-와 BBP-면역반응세포들은 활동기에 비해 동면기의 소화관에 보다 더 광범위하게 출현하였다. 항혈청에 대한 대부분의 내분비세포들은 동면기에서 보다 더 강한 면역반응을 나타내었으며, 특히 위저선부에서 내분비세포들은 표층점막상피의 바로 아래에 위치해 있었다. 이상의 결과에서 산개구리의 위장관내분비세포들은 동면기에서도 활발한 장호르몬을 합성하고 그들의 세포질내 축적되어지는 것으로 시사된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 1991

두툴상어의 췌장 내분비세포를 면역조직화학적으로 관찰하였던바, 5종의 면역반응세포들이 동정되었다. glucagon 면역반응세포는 도관의 상피간 및 췌장외분비선의 선포주위에서 한개 또는 다수의 집단으로 출현하였으며, insulin 면역반응세포는 islet의 주변부 또는 도관의 상피간에 각각 관찰되었다. somatostatin 면역반응세포는 도관의 상피간 또는 췌장외분비선의 주위에 한개 또는 집단으로 분포하였으며, 소수의 5-HT 연역반응세포는 islet의 주변부 및 췌장 외분비선의 선세포간에서 관찰되었다. BPP 면역반응세포는 극소수로 관찰되었으며, GAS/CCK외 chromogranin 면역반응세포들은 관찰되지 않았다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.417-425
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• 1995

두툽상어의 위장관 내분비세포의 부위별 분포, 출현빈도 및 세포의 종류를 밝히고자 면역조직화학적 방법으로 관찰하였던 바, 5종의 면역반응세포가 동정되었다. 5-HT 면역반응세포는 최고의 빈도로, somatostatin 면역반응세포는 소수의 위부위와 극소수의 장부위에 걸쳐 각각 전장관에서 관찰되었다. Glucagon과 BPP 면역반응세포는 십이지장과 직장을 제외하고 다양한 빈도로 소화관 전체에서 출현하였다. 한편 Gas/CCK 면역반응세포는 소장부위에서 국한하여 소수 분포하였다. 이상에서 두툽상어의 위장관 내분비세포는 부위별 분포에 있어서 다른 종과 유사하였으나, 출현빈도는 다소 낮게 나타났음을 알 수 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.219-225
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• 2022

Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) released from enteroendocine L-cells in the intestine has incretin effects due to its ability to amplify glucose-dependent insulin secretion. Promotion of an endogenous release of GLP-1 is one of therapeutic targets for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although the secretion of GLP-1 in response to nutrient or neural stimuli can be triggered by cytosolic Ca²⁺ elevation, the stimulus-secretion pathway is not completely understood yet. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of reverse Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger (rNCX) in Ca²⁺ entry induced by muscarinic stimulation in NCI-H716 cells, a human enteroendocrine GLP-1 secreting cell line. Intracellular Ca²⁺ was repetitively oscillated by the perfusion of carbamylcholine (CCh), a muscarinic agonist. The oscillation of cytosolic Ca²⁺ was ceased by substituting extracellular Na⁺ with Li⁺ or NMG⁺. KB-R7943, a specific rNCX blocker, completely diminished CCh-induced cytosolic Ca²⁺ oscillation. Type 1 Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger (NCX₁) proteins were expressed in NCI-H716 cells. These results suggest that rNCX might play a crucial role in Ca²⁺ entry induced by cholinergic stimulation in NCI-H716 cells, a GLP-1 secreting cell line.

• BMB Reports
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• 제46권12호
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• pp.606-610
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• 2013

Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) regulates glucose mediated-insulin secretion, nutrient accumulation, and ${\beta}$-cell growth. Despite the potential therapeutic usage for type 2 diabetes (T2D), GLP-1 has a short half-life in vivo ($t_{1/2}$ <2 min). In an attempt to prolong half-life, GLP-1 fusion proteins were genetically engineered: GLP-1 human serum albumin fusion (GLP-1/HSA), AGLP-1/HSA which has an additional alanine at the N-terminus of GLP-1, and AGLP-1-L/HSA, in which a peptide linker is inserted between AGLP-1 and HSA. Recombinant fusion proteins secreted from the Chinese Hamster Ovary-K1 (CHO-K1) cell line were purified with high purity (>96%). AGLP-1 fusion protein was resistant against the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). The fusion proteins activated cAMP-mediated signaling in rat insulinoma INS-1 cells. Furthermore, a C57BL/6N mice pharmacodynamics study exhibited that AGLP-1-L/HSA effectively reduced blood glucose level compared to AGLP-1/HSA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.731-738
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• 2016

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is important for intestinal barrier function and regulation of tight junction (TJ) proteins, but the intracellular mechanisms of action remain undefined. The purpose of this research was to determine the protective effect of GLP-2 mediated TJ and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stressed IPEC-J2 cells and to test the hypothesis that GLP-2 regulate TJ and TER through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in IPEC-J2 cells. Wortmannin and LY294002 are specific inhibitors of PI3K. The results showed that $100{\mu}g/mL$ LPS stress decreased TER and TJ proteins occludin, claudin-1 and zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1) mRNA, proteins expressions (p<0.01) respectively. GLP-2 (100 nmol/L) promote TER and TJ proteins occludin, claudin-1, and zo-1 mRNA, proteins expressions in LPS stressed and normal IPEC-J2 cells (p<0.01) respectively. In normal cells, both wortmannin and LY294002, PI3K inhibitors, prevented the mRNA and protein expressions of Akt and mTOR increase induced by GLP-2 (p<0.01) following with the significant decreasing of occludin, claudin-1, ZO-1 mRNA and proteins expressions and TER (p<0.01). In conclusion, these results indicated that GLP-2 can promote TJ's expression and TER in LPS stressed and normal IPEC-J2 cells and GLP-2 could regulate TJ and TER through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.