• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.315-322
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• 2019

Seasonal ginsenoside flux in the leaves of 5-year-old Panax ginseng was analyzed from the field-grown ginseng, for the first time, to study possible biosynthesis and translocation of ginsenosides. The concentrations of nine major ginsenosides, Rg1, Re, Rh1, Rg2, R-Rh1, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd, were determined by UHPLC during the growth in between April and November. It was confirmed total ginsenoside content in the dried ginseng leaves was much higher than the roots by several folds whereas the composition of ginsenosides was different from the roots. The ginsenoside flux was affected by ginseng growth. It quickly increased to 10.99±0.15 (dry wt%) in April and dropped to 6.41±0.14% in May. Then, it slowly increased to 9.71±0.14% in August and maintained until October. Ginsenoside Re was most abundant in the leaf of P. ginseng, followed by Rd and Rg1. Ginsenosides Rf and Ro were not detected from the leaf. When compared to the previously reported root data, ginsenosides in the leaf appeared to be translocated to the root, especially in the early vegetative stage even though the metabolite translocated cannot be specified. The flux of ginsenoside R-Rh1 was similar to the other (20S)-PPT ginsenosides. When the compositional changes of each ginsenoside in the leaf was analyzed, complementary relationship was observed from ginsenoside Rg1 and Re, as well as from ginsenoside Rd and Rb1+Rc. Accordingly, ginsenoside Re in the leaf was proposed to be synthesized from ginsenoside Rg1. Similarly, ginsenosides Rb1 and Rc were proposed to be synthesized from Rd.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.1802-1805
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• 2013

Ginsenosides are the most important ingredient of ginseng and are known to possess many pharmacological and biological effects. Rb1, a major protopanaxadiol ginsenoside, is the most abundant ginsenoside in Panax ginseng C.A Meyer and can be hydrolyzed into more pharmaceutically potent minor ginsenosides. To identify a microorganism that is capable of converting Rb1 into other ginsenosides, we screened 12 Microbacterium spp., and M. trichothecenolyticum was identified as a likely candidate. M. trichothecenolyticum converted Rb1 into Rd and then into Rh2 based on TLC and HPLC analyses of reaction products. This biotransformation method can be easily applied for mass production of Rd and Rh2 by using Rb1.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.118-122
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• 1987

인삼의 재배과정중에 부산물로 산출되는 지상부위의 활용방안을 모색하기 위하여 엽과 경의 반성분, 용매별 엑기스 및 사포닌함량을 근의 함량과 대비 검토하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 엽은 총당의 함량이 21.5%로 근보다 낮았으나 조직유질, 조지방질 및 회분은 각각 9.41%, 3.43% 및 6.83%로 높았다. 경은 조직유질이 39.2%로 현저하게 많았고 총당과 조단백질은 22.7% 및 8.54%로 근보다 낮았다. 2. 용매별 추출물의 수율은 추출용매의 극성이 클수록 높았으며 근과 경에 비하여 엽은 methanol 및 ehanol 추출물의 수율이 35.9% 및 27.3%로 현저하게 많았고, acetone 및 ethyl acetate추출물도 5.64% 및 3.52%로 높았으며 그 외의 비극성 용매의 추출물의 수율도 대체로 높았다. 3. 총 조saponin의 수율은 근과 경은 4.78% 및 2.22%였으나 엽은 19.58%로 현저하게 높았다. HPLC에 의한 분석결과 엽에는 ginsenoside-Rg1(3.32%), -Re(3.24%), -Rd(2.32 %), -Rc(0.65%), -Rb2(0.92%), -Rbl(0.29%), and -Rf(0.11%)가 함유되었고, 경에는 ginsenoside-Rgl(0.28%), -Re(0.3%), -Rd(0.05%), -Rf(0.11%)외에 미량의 -Rbl, -Rb2, -Rc가 검출되었다. 특히 엽은 총 saponin과 ginsenoside-Rg1, -Re 및 -Rd외에도 -Rc와 -Rb2의 함량이 높아서 이들 성분의 분리용 시료로 적합함을 알 수 있었다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.199-205
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• 1980

인삼의 유효약리성분으로 밝혀진 saponin중의 각 ginsenosides를 효과적이고 능률적으로 분리하기 위하여 대량분취전용 고속액체 chromatograph인 preparative HPLC의 응용을 검토하였다. 조(粗) saponin획분을 preparative HPLC인 Prep LC/system-500를 사용하여 부분분획을 하고 각 획분에 함유되어 있는 ginsenosides의 조성을 Analytical HPLC로 동정한 후 Semi-preparative HPLC를 사용하여 인삼주성분 saponin을 단리했다. 그 결과 인삼 주성분 saponin인 $ginsenoside-Rb_1,\;-Rb_2,\;-Rc,\;-Rd,\;-Re$ 및 $-Rg_1$은 약 20 mg / 2.0 ml / injection으로 chromatography를 행하여 $300{\sim}400mg/day$로 대량분취가 가능하였다. 따라서 ginsenosides의 약리 및 임상효능 연구에 크게 기여하게 될 것이다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.347-353
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• 2014

본 연구는 인삼의 주요성분인 ginsenoside Rb1으로부터 보다 높은 생리기능성을 갖는 것으로 알려져 있는 compound K를 생산하기 위하여 Aspergillus usamii KCTC 6954에서 유래된 ${\beta}$-glucosidase를 사용하여 생물전환을 실시하였다. 15일 동안의 배양 중, 효소활 성 측정은 ${\rho}$-nitrophenyl-${\beta}$-glucopyranoside를 기질로 하여 분해 생성되는 ${\rho}$-nitrophenol (${\rho}NP$)을 비색계로 측정함으로써 실시되었다. 그 결과로서, 균주의 성장 속도는 접종 후 6일 후 최대로 나타났으며 이때의 ${\beta}$-glucosidas 활성도는 $175.93{\mu}M\;ml^{-1}min^{-1}$로 나타났다. 또 한 효소 반응의 최적 조건은 pH 6.0 이내에서는 $60^{\circ}C$인 것으로 나타났다. 배양 중 ginsenosides 분석 결과, 배양 9일 후에는 Rb1는 Rd 로 전환되고 15 days 후에는 compound K로 순차적으로 전환되는 것으로 나타났다. 효소반응에 있어서는 Rb1는 1시간 이내에 ginsenoside Rd로 전환되었고 8시간 이후에 최종산물인 compound K가 측정되었다. 본 연구결과로부터 Rb1으로부터 주요 생물학적 전환 경로는 $Rb1{\rightarrow}Rd{\rightarrow}F2{\rightarrow}$compound K로 나타났으며 이는 차후 Rd나 compound K와 같이 강한 생리기능성을 갖지만 자연에 미 량 존재하는 물질의 대량생산에 응용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.418-424
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• 2012

This study focused on the enzymatic biotransformation of the major ginsenoside Rb1 into Rd for the mass production of minor ginsenosides using a novel recombinant ${\beta}$-glucosidase from Flavobacterium johnsoniae. The gene (bglF3) consisting of 2,235 bp (744 amino acid residues) was cloned and the recombinant enzyme overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) was characterized. This enzyme could transform ginsenoside Rb1 and gypenoside XVII to the ginsenosides Rd and F2, respectively. The glutathione S-transferase (GST) fused BglF3 was purified with GST-bind agarose resin and characterized. The kinetic parameters for ${\beta}$-glucosidase had apparent $K_m$ values of $0.91{\pm}0.02$ and $2.84{\pm}0.05$ mM and $V_{max}$ values of $5.75{\pm}0.12$ and $0.71{\pm}0.01{\mu}mol{\cdot}min^{-1}{\cdot}mg$ of $protein^{-1}$ against p-nitrophenyl-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside and Rb1, respectively. At optimal conditions of pH 6.0 and $37^{\circ}C$, BglF3 could only hydrolyze the outer glucose moiety of ginsenoside Rb1 and gypenoside XVII at the C-20 position of aglycon into ginsenosides Rd and F2, respectively. These results indicate that the recombinant BglF3 could be useful for the mass production of ginsenosides Rd and F2 in the pharmaceutical or cosmetic industry.

• 생약학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.84-91
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• 2016

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) has been used as a traditional herbal medicine in East Asia and is very popular in the world, because of its health benefits. To comparison of pharmacological components and physiochemical properties between white and red ginseng from same body, we analyzed ginsenoside and malonyl ginsenoside, ash, crude lipid/protein, fatty acid, mineral contents, total/reducing sugar, and total phenolic and acidic polysaccharide contents. The general components did not show any significant difference between white and red ginseng. Whereas, the content of neutral ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc and Rd were higher in red ginseng than those of white ginseng. However, malonyl ginsenoside such as $m-Rb_1$, $m-Rb_2$, m-Rc and m-Rd in white ginseng were similar to neutral ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc and Rd in white ginseng and far higher than those of red ginseng. These results exhibit that malonyl ginsenosides were converted to neutral ginsenosides in steaming process for red ginseng. So, we suggest that malonyl ginsenoside are necessary to applies in ginsenoside analysis of Korean ginseng.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.341-344
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• 2007

진세노사이드 Rd가 지방세포분화에 미치는 영향을 관찰한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 진세노사이드 Rd는 3T-L1지방세포모델에 있어 효과적으로 지방분화를 억제한다. 2. 진세노사이드 Rd는 세포내 에너지대사의 필수 단백질인 AMPK를 활성화시키고 또한 지방분화과정에 발현 및 활성이 증가하는 PPAR 감마의 활성을 효과적으로 억제한다. 이상의 결과로 진세노사이드 Rd는 세포내 에너지대사를 촉진하여 지방축적 억제에 탁월한 효과를 보일 것으로 사료된다.

• 약학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.432-437
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• 1991

A mixture of 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg$_{3}$ was obtained under mild acidic hydrolysis from protopanaxadiol saponins, ginsenosides Rb$_{1}$, Rb$_{2}$, Rc and Rd. The product was acetylated to give the peracetates, which were further converted into 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg$_{3}$, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg$_{3}$, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh$_{2}$ and 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh$_{2}$ by the direct alkaline treatment depending upon two kinds of temperature conditions respectively. The structure and physicochemical properties of a prosapogenin, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh$_{2}$, were investigated.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.36-42
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• 2017

Background: Some differences have been reported in the biotransformation of ginsenosides, probably due to the types of materials used such as ginseng, enzymes, and microorganisms. Moreover, most microorganisms used for transforming ginsenosides do not meet food-grade standards. We investigated the statistical conversion rate of major ginsenosides in ginsenosides model culture during fermentation by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to estimate possible pathways. Methods: Ginsenosides standard mix was used as a model culture to facilitate clear identification of the metabolic changes. Changes in eight ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, and Rg2) during fermentation with six strains of LAB were investigated. Results: In most cases, the residual ginsenoside level decreased by 5.9-36.8% compared with the initial ginsenoside level. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Re continuously decreased during fermentation. By contrast, Rd was maintained or slightly increased after 1 d of fermentation. Rg1 and Rg2 reached their lowest values after 1-2 d of fermentation, and then began to increase gradually. The conversion of Rd, Rg1, and Rg2 into smaller deglycosylated forms was more rapid than that of Rd from Rb1, Rb2, and Rc, as well as that of Rg1 and Rg2 from Re during the first 2 d of fermentation with LAB. Conclusion: Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Re continuously decreased, whereas ginsenosides Rd, Rg1, and Rg2 increased after 1-2 d of fermentation. This study may provide new insights into the metabolism of ginsenosides and can clarify the metabolic changes in ginsenosides biotransformed by LAB.