• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.384-391
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• 2015

It has been reported that Korean Red Ginseng has been manufactured for 1,123 y as described in the GoRyeoDoGyeong record. The Korean Red Ginseng manufactured by the traditional preparation method has its own chemical component characteristics. The ginsenoside content of the red ginseng is shown as Rg1: 3.3 mg/g, Re: 2.0 mg/g, Rb1: 5.8 mg/g, Rc:1.7 mg/g, Rb2: 2.3 mg/g, and Rd: 0.4 mg/g, respectively. It is known that Korean ginseng generally consists of the main root and the lateral or fine roots at a ratio of about 75:25. Therefore, the red ginseng extract is prepared by using this same ratio of the main root and lateral or fine roots and processed by the historical traditional medicine prescription. The red ginseng extract is prepared through a water extraction ($90^{\circ}C$ for 14-16 h) and concentration process (until its final concentration is 70-73 Brix at $50-60^{\circ}C$). The ginsenoside contents of the red ginseng extract are shown as Rg1: 1.3 mg/g, Re: 1.3 mg/g, Rb1: 6.4 mg/g, Rc:2.5 mg/g, Rb2: 2.3 mg/g, and Rd: 0.9 mg/g, respectively. Arginine-fructose-glucose (AFG) is a specific amino-sugar that can be produced by chemical reaction of the process when the fresh ginseng is converted to red ginseng. The content of AFG is 1.0-1.5% in red ginseng. Acidic polysaccharide, which has been known as an immune activator, is at levels of 4.5-7.5% in red ginseng. Therefore, we recommended that the chemical profiles of Korean Red Ginseng made through the defined traditional method should be well preserved and it has had its own chemical characteristics since its traditional development.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.528-534
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• 2011

추출용매와 조작순서를 달리하여 원료인삼 및 압출성형 가공시 인삼의 사포닌 함량 및 항산화 정도의 변화를 알아보기 위하여 인삼과 압출성형한 가공 인삼의 80% 에탄올 엑기스, 에틸아세테이트 분획, 수포화 부탄올 분획, 수층 분획을 각각 얻은 후 LC/MASS를 사용하여 사포닌 함량을 조사하고 기존의 여러 가지 항산화 작용 측정 방법들의 오류를 없애고 더욱 정확한 결과를 낼 수 있는 대처 방안으로 선정된 ORAC 분석법에 의해 항산화 활성을 검토하였다. 검체 인삼 중 사포닌은 ginsenoside Rb1과 Rg1 및 Re를 주요 성분으로 다량 함유하고 있었으며, Rb2, Rc, Rd 등이 뒤를 이었고, 그밖에도 Rg3, Rh1가 미량 분포하고 있었다. 압출 성형 인삼의 경우 원료 인삼에 비해 전반적으로 사포닌 함량이 높았으며, 주로 ginsenoside Re와 Rb1 및 Re가 많았고, 그밖에 Rc, Rb2, Rg1, Rh, Rd 등이었으며, 특히 원료인삼에서 미량 존재하던 Rh1과 Rg3가 많이 증가함을 보였다. 이러한 현상은 압출인삼의 에틸아세테이트층과 부탄올층에서도 같은 경향을 보였다. 원료 인삼의 에틸아세테이트층에서는 Rg1 함량이 높았고, 압출인삼에서는 Rh1과 Rg3가 많이 용출되었으며, Rg1, Re, Rb1 등이 용출되었다. ORAC 분석법에 의한 항산화 활성 연구에서 원료인삼 중의 여러 생리활성 성분이 많이 함유되어 있는 80% 에탄올 추출 분획과 일반적으로 극성의 사포닌 성분을 많이 함유한 수포화 부탄올층의 항산화 활성은 에틸아세테이트층과 수층에 비해 높았으나, 압출성형과정을 거치더라도 유의성 있는 증가는 없었다. 그러나 압출성형과정을 거친 압출 인삼의 에틸아세테이트층과 수층 분획이 대조 원료인삼의 각각의 분획들에 비해 모두 유의성($p$ >0.05)있는 증가를 보였다. 또한 원료인삼과 압출 인삼의 80% 에탄올 추출 엑기스, 에틸 아세테이트 분획, 수포화 부탄올 분획, 수층 분획 모두에서 일정 수준의 항산화 활성을 나태내고 있음을 확인할 수 있었고, 특히 인삼사포닌을 거의 함유하지 않은 원료인삼과 압출 인삼의 수층에서도 항산화 활성을 나타내었다. 이는 인삼 중 항산화 활성은 에틸아세테이트 층으로 이행되는 폴리페놀 계통 성분 및 일부 비극성의 사포닌에 의한 것으로 추측되고 있으나, 모든 분획에서 나타난 것으로 보아 이들 외에 산성 다당체, 당단백질, 수용성 다당류, 말톨 등 다른 생리 활성 물질에 대한 연구가 요구된다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제65권3호
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• pp.129-142
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• 2022

새싹인삼은 잎부터 뿌리까지 섭취가 가능하며 스마트 팜 또는 식물공장에서 재배 시 계절에 영향을 받지 않으며 농약을 사용하지 않아도 되는 이점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 새싹인삼의 최적 재배 시기를 확인하고 영양성분과 항산화 활성을 비교 분석하였다. 생육 시기에 따른 지방산과 무기질 함량은 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 총 아미노산 함량은 45일까지 약간 감소하였고 이후에는 증가하였으며 생육 65일 arginine 함량은 3309.11 mg/100 g으로 가장 높게 확인되었다. 총 ginsenoside 함량은 생육기간 동안 큰 변화가 없었다(25일 29.83 mg/g→45일 32.77 mg/g→65일 26.02 mg/g). Ginsenoside Rg2 (0.62 mg/g), Re (8.69 mg/g), Rb1 (4.75 mg/g) 및 Rd (3.47 mg/g)의 함량은 생육기간 중 45일에 가장 높았다. Phenolic acids와 flavonols 함량은 생육 45일 (338.6 및 1277.14 ㎍/g)까지 증가 후 65일까지 감소하였다. Phenolic acids와 flavonols의 주요 화합물은 각각 benzoic acid (99.03-142.33 ㎍/g)와 epigallocatechin (416.03-554.64 ㎍/g)로 확인되었다. DPPH (44.27%), ABTS (75.16%)와 hydroxyl (63.29%) 라디칼 소거활성 및 FRAP 환원력(1.573 OD_573nm) 또한 총 phenolics 및 총 flavonolids 함량과 마찬가지로 생육 45일에 가장 높은 활성을 보였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.196-201
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• 2002

본 연구는 각국 홍삼의 성분비교 연구로서 한국홍삼(찬삼, 지삼, 양삼), 북한홍삼(천삼, 지삼, 양삼), 중국석주홍삼(1등, 2등, 3등), 중국길림홍삼(1등, 2등, 3등), 일본운주홍삼(1등, 2등, 3등) 및 일본신주홍삼(1등, 2등, 3등) 등을 대상으로 사포닌 및 무기물 함량에 대해서 비교 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 조사포닌 함량은 한국홍삼의 경우 3.05~3.76%, 북한홍삼은 2.09~3.21% 중국석주홍삼은 2.82~3.71%, 중국길림홍삼은 2.72~3.62%, 일본주홍삼은 2.11~2.44% 그리고 일본신주홍삼은 2.18~2.87%로 전반적으로 한국홍삼이 높게 나타났다. Ginsenoside중에 Rb1, Bb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg$_{1}$ 함량을 분석한 결과, 한국홍삼의 경우 약 1.43%로 북한홍삼 1.14%, 중국석주 1.13%, 중국길림 1.07%, 일본운주 0.95%, 일본신주 1.10% 보다 한국홍삼이 약 0.52~0.33% 더 많이 함유하고 있다. 특히 ginsenoside 중에서 Rb$_{1}$, Re, Rg$_{1}$ 성분이 대체적으로 한국홍삼에 많이 함유하고 있었으며, 그 외 성분은 비슷한 경향으로 나타났다. 26종의 무기물함량을 한국홍삼과 타국홍삼과 비교 조사한 결과, 차이는 큰 원소는 As, Ce, Sb, Sm, Sr, K, La, Na 등이었으며, 특히 La성분이 한국홍삼은 0.64~0.88% ppm, 북한홍삼은 0.43~0.67 ppmdldjTdmsk 중국홍삼(석주삼, 길림삼)은 0.09~0.21 ppm 정도이고, 일본홍삼은 0.04~0.14 ppm이었다. 그리고 Na함량에 있어서 한국홍삼은 286~350 ppm인데 비해서 중국홍삼은 59~180 ppm으로 상당히 낮았으며, Sn함량도 한국홍삼은 10.00~72.65 ppm이었으나 중국홍삼은 3.75~9.71 ppm이었다. Brgkafid에 있어서는 일본홍삼이 2.10~3.56 ppm으로 나타났으나 한국홍삼은 0.89~2.77 ppm, 중국홍삼은 0.42~1.04 ppm이었고 Ce함량은 일본홍삼이 가장 낮았다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.544-551
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• 2020

Background: Previous studies have shown the insecticidal efficacy of ginsenosides. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the metabolic mechanism related to the inhibitory effect of panaxadiol saponins (PDSs) against the Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee). Methods: Third instar larvae of O. furnacalis were fed normal diets with different concentrations of PDSs for 4 days. The consumption index, relative growth rate, approximate digestibility, and conversion of ingested and digested food were recorded. A targeted gas chromatographye-mass spectrometry assay was performed to detect the profiles of amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates in larvae of O. furnacalis. In addition, the activity of detoxification-related enzymes was determined. Results and Conclusions: PDSs decreased the consumption index, relative growth rate, approximate digestibility, and conversion of ingested and digested food in the 3rd instar larvae of O. furnacalis in a dose-dependent manner. PDSs decreased 15 free amino acids, 16 free fatty acids, and 5 carbohydrates and increased the levels of palmitoleic acid, palmitic acid, and 9-octadecenoic acid in the 3rd instar larvae. The activity of detoxification-related enzymes, such as acetylcholinesterase, glutathione S-transferase, cytochrome P450, carboxylesterase, trehalase, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase, was reduced in a dose-dependent manner in the 3rd instar larvae exposed to PDSs. These data confirmed the inhibitory effect of PDSs against growth, food utilization, and detoxification in the 3rd instar larvae of O. furnacalis and the potential for using PDSs as an efficient tool for insect pest management for O. furnacalis larvae.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.109-114
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• 1997

The effect of total saponin fraction of Ginseng injected intrathecally (i.1.) or in- tracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) on the antinociception induced by D-$Pen^{2,5}$- enkephalin (DPDPE) ad ministered i.c.v. was studied in ICR mice in the present study. The antinociception was assessed by the tail-flick test. Total saponin fraction at doses 0.1 to 1.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$, which administered i.t. Alone did not affect the latencies of tail-flick threshold, attenuated dose-dependently the inhibition of the tail-flick response induced by i.c.v. administered DPDPE (10 $\mu\textrm{g}$). However, total saponin fraction at doses 1 to 20 $\mu\textrm{g}$, which administered i.c.v. Alone did not affect the latencies of the tail-flick response, did not affect i.c.v. administered DPDPE (10 $\mu\textrm{g}$)-induced antinociception. The duration of antagonistic action of total saponin fraction against DPDPE-induced antlnociception was lasted at least for 6 hrs. Various doses of ginsenosides Rd, but not $\Rb_2$, Rc, Rg1, and $\Rb_1$ and Re, injected i.t. Dose-dependently attenuated antinociception induced by DPDPE administered i.c.v. Our results indicate that total saponin fraction injected spinally appears to have antagonistic action against the antinociception induced by supraspinally applied DPDPE. Ginsenoside Rd appears to be responsible for blocking j.c.v. administered DPDPE-induced antinociception. On the other hand, total ginseng fraction, at supraspinal sites, may not have an antagonistic action against the antinociception induced by DPDPE.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2010

The fresh ginseng roots were extracted with aqueous methanol, and the obtained extracts were partitioned using ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water, successively. The repeated silica gel and octadecyl silica gel column chromatogaraphy for n-butanol fraction afforded four diol ginseng saponins, ginsenosides $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, $R_c$, and Rd. The physicochemical, spectroscopic, and chromatographic characteristics of these ginsenosides were measured and compared with those reported in the literature. Some of the peak assignments in previously published $^1H$- and $^{13}C$-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were inaccurate. This study employed two-dimensional NMR experiments, including $^1H-^1H$ correlation spectroscopy, heteronuclear single quantum correlation, and heteronuclear multiple bond connectivity, to determine exact peak assignments.

• Mycobiology
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.368-375
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• 2014

Red ginseng (Panax ginseng), a Korean traditional medicinal plant, contains a variety of ginsenosides as major functional components. It is necessary to remove sugar moieties from the major ginsenosides, which have a lower absorption rate into the intestine, to obtain the aglycone form. To screen for microorganisms showing bioconversion activity for ginsenosides from red ginseng, 50 yeast strains were isolated from Korean traditional meju (a starter culture made with soybean and wheat flour for the fermentation of soybean paste). Twenty strains in which a black zone formed around the colony on esculin-yeast malt agar plates were screened first, and among them 5 strains having high ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity on p-nitrophenyl-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside as a substrate were then selected. Strain JNO301 was finally chosen as a bioconverting strain in this study on the basis of its high bioconversion activity for red ginseng extract as determined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. The selected bioconversion strain was identified as Candida allociferrii JNO301 based on the nucleotide sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA gene. The optimum temperature and pH for the cell growth were $20{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ and pH 5~8, respectively. TLC analysis confirmed that C. allociferrii JNO301 converted ginsenoside Rb1 into Rd and then into F2, Rb2 into compound O, Rc into compound Mc1, and Rf into Rh1. Quantitative analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography showed that bioconversion of red ginseng extract resulted in an increase of 2.73, 3.32, 33.87, 16, and 5.48 fold in the concentration of Rd, F2, compound O, compound Mc1, and Rh1, respectively.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.115-125
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• 2022

Background: Ginsenosides (GS) have potential value as cosmetic additives for prevention of skin photoaging. However, their protective mechanisms against skin barrier damage and their active monomeric constituents are unknown. Methods: GS monomer types and their relative proportions were identified. A UVB-irradiated BALB/c hairless mouse model was used to assess protective effects of GS components on skin epidermal thickness and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Skin barrier function, reflected by filaggrin (FLG), involucrin (IVL), claudin-1 (Cldn-1), and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) levels and MAPK phosphorylation patterns, were analyzed in UVB-irradiated hairless mice or HaCaT cells. Results: Total GS monomeric content detected by UPLC was 85.45% and was largely attributed to 17 main monomers that included Re (16.73%), Rd (13.36%), and Rg1 (13.38%). In hairless mice, GS ameliorated UVB-induced epidermal barrier dysfunction manifesting as increased epidermal thickness, increased TEWL, and decreased stratum corneum water content without weight change. Furthermore, GS treatment of UVB-irradiated mice restored protein expression levels and epidermal tissue distributions of FLG, IVL, Cldn-1, and AQP3, with consistent mRNA and protein expression results obtained in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells (except for unchanging Cldn-1 expression). Mechanistically, GS inhibited JNK, p38, and ERK phosphorylation in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells, with a mixture of Rg2, Rg3, Rk3, F2, Rd, and Rb3 providing the same protective MAPK pathway inhibition-associated upregulation of IVL and AQP3 expression as provided by intact GS treatment. Conclusion: GS protection against UVB-irradiated skin barrier damage depends on activities of six ginsenoside monomeric constituents that inhibit the MAPK signaling pathway.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.41-45
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• 2018

Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) has been used as traditional herbal drug in Asian countries. Ginsenosides are major components having pharmacological and biological efficacy like anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-tumor effects. To control the quality of the components in diverse ginseng products, we developed a new quantitative method using LC-MS/MS for 13 ginsenosides; Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, 20(S)-Rh1, 20(S)-Rh2, Rg1, 20(S)-Rg3, F1, F2, and compound K. This method was successfully validated for linearity, precision, and accuracy. This quantification method applied in four representative ginseng products; fresh ginseng powder, white ginseng powder, red ginseng extract powder, and red ginseng extract. Here the amounts of the 13 ginsenosides in the various type of ginseng samples could be analyzed simultaneously and expected to be suitable for quality control of ginseng products.