• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.254-259
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• 1995

The content and composition of saponin compounds of Panax species were analyzed according to their species, region and processing type of red and white ginseng. The species employed were Korean-, Chinese-, Japanese red ginsengs, and Korean white ginseng of Panax ginseng, American- and Canadian ginsengs of Panax quinquefolium, and Panax notoinseng. Twelve main saponin components in the ginseng were identified and quantified using TLC and HPLC. All three species had remarkably different content and composition. However, within each species they were similar. Twelve major ginsenosides were determined in P. ginseng, eight in p. quinquefolium, and six in P. notoginseng. Of the components of P ginseng Rf, $Rh_1$, $Rh_2$ and Ra were not detected in P quinquefolium, and $Rb_2$, Rc, Rf, $Rh_2$, Ra and Ro not detected in P. notoinseam. Crude saponin content and protopanaxadiol/protopanaxatriol saponin ratio were compared. They were 4.81~5.24% and 1.27~ 1.45 in p. ginsengs, 7.01~7.25% and 2.12~ 2.15 in p. quinquefolium, 9.80% and 0.99 in P. notoineng. The prosapogenin and sapogenin content were different among the Panax species.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2012

The major commercial ginsengs are Panax ginseng Meyer (Korean ginseng), P. quinquifolium L. (American ginseng), and P. notoginseng (Burk.) FH Chen (Notoginseng). P. ginseng is the most commonly used as an adaptogenic agent and has been shown to enhance physical performance, promote vitality, increase resistance to stress and aging, and have immunomodulatory activity. These ginsengs contain saponins, which can be classified as dammarane-type, ocotillol-type and oleanane-type oligoglycosides, and polysaccharides as main constituents. Dammarane ginsenosides are transformed into compounds such as the ginsenosides $Rg_3$, $Rg_5$, and $Rk_1$ by steaming and heating and are metabolized into metabolites such as compound K, ginsenoside $Rh_1$, proto- and panaxatriol by intestinal microflora. These metabolites are nonpolar, pharmacologically active and easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. However, the activities metabolizing these constituents into bioactive compounds differ significantly among individuals because all individuals possess characteristic indigenous strains of intestinal bacteria. To overcome this difference, ginsengs fermented with enzymes or microbes have been developed.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.137-152
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• 2006

풍화토양의 경우 화강암 지역이 타 지역에 비해 높았고, 상관계수에서 지역에 관계없이 정의 관계가 우세하였으며, 전 지역 공히 Y-Nb, Nb-Ta 쌍에서 부의 상관관계를 보였다. 밭 토양의 경우 화강암 지역이 높았고, 셰일 지역이 낮은 값을 보였다. 상관관계에서 화강암 지역은 많은 원소에서 정, 부의 상관관계를 보였고, 지역에 관계없이 3 년생 지역에서 높은 유의성의 상관관계를 보였다. 모암의 경우 화강암 지역이 높았고, 셰일 지역이 낮았다. 전 지역에서 Zr-Hf, Ta, Nb-Ta, Hf-Ta 쌍이 정의 상관관계를 보였다. 인삼의 함량은 연생에 따른 차이가 두드러졌다. 3 지역 공 히 상관계수에서 셰일 지역은 Y-Nb 쌍이, 천매암 지역은 Rb-Y 쌍이, 화강암 지역은 Rb-Sr 쌍이 정의 관계를 보였다. 각 지역 동일 연생별 성분 비교에서 화강암 지역이 셰일 및 천매암에 비해 높았고, 천매암 및 셰일 지역의 비교에서 2 년생은 셰일이, 4 년생은 천매암 지역이 높았다. 대부분 원소에서 풍화토와 밭 토양의 비(풍화토/밭 토양)는 셰일 및 천매암 지역에서, 토양/암석의 비(풍화토/모암)는 지역에 관계없이 풍화토가 높았다. 토양과 인삼의 비(밭 토양/인삼 함량)에서 일부 원소를 제 외하고 셰일 및 천매암 지역은 수 백 배 차이가 났고, 화강암 지역은 거의 대부분 원소에서 수 십 배 차이를 보였다. 즉 함량의 비가 수 십 배에서 수 백 배 차이로 토양이 인삼 보다 월등히 높았음을 보여주고 있다. 전체 평균에 대한 비율을 살펴보면 셰일 지역은 Rb, Ba, Sr이 수 십 배, Y, Nb가 수 백 배의 차이로, 천매암 지역의 경우 Nb가 수 천 배, Y가 수 백 배, Rb, Ba가 수 십 배 차이로, 화강암 지역의 경우 Rb, Ba, Y가 수 십 배, Sr은 수 배 차이로 토양이 인삼보다 높았다. 이 결과는 화강암 지 역 인삼의 원소 함량이 천매암 및 셰일 지역에 비해 토양에 가까웠음을 암시한다. 동일 연생 별 비교에서 높은 비율이 2 년생의 경우 LFS 는 화강암 지역이, HFS 는 천매암 지역에서, 3 년생의 경우 LFS는 천매암 지역이, HFS 는 화강암 지역과 셰일 지역이, 4 년생의 경우 LFS 는 셰일 지역이, HFS 는 화강암 지역에서 나타났다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.291-295
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• 2007

본 연구는 비누수 해가림 재배가 인삼 생육 및 품질에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 인삼의 차광재료를 비누수 해가림과 차광망을 이용하여 실험하였던 바, 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 차광재료에 따른 맑은 날의 광량은 비누수해가림이 차광망에 비하여 낮은 경향이었고, 온도는 비누수해가림이 차광망에 비하여 $3{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ 낮게 나타났다. 2. 차광재료에 따른 3, 4, 5년근 인삼의 생존본수는 비누수해가림에 비하여 차광망이 낮게 나타났다. 3. 차광재료에 따른 인삼의 경태는 비누수해가림에서 증가하였고, 생근중도 비누수해가림이 차광망에 비하여 3년근에서는 5.0 g, 4년근에서는 10 g, 5년근에서는 8 g 높았다. 4. 차광재료에 따른 3, 4, 5년근 모두 수삼의 수량은 비누수해가림이 차광망보다 훨씬 높게 나타났다. 5. 차광재료별 3, 4, 5년근 수삼의 크기는 비누수해가림이 차광망에 비하여 대편이 많이 분포하였으며, 진세노사이드 함량도 비누수해가림이 차광망에 비해서 높았다

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.89-94
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• 1994

The authors have already shown that 6 year old red ginseng extract or its powder has remarkable anticarcinogenic effects. In this study, we further investigated whether fresh ginseng or white ginseng has similar anticarcinogenic effects and also if their anticarcinogenic effects are related to the types and ages of ginseng using Yun's anticarcinogenicity test (9 week medium term bioassay model). Dried fresh ginseng and red ginseng at 1.5, 3, 4, 5 and 6 years, and while ginseng at 3, 4, 5 and 6 years were used. The following results were obtained: 1) In the dried fresh ginseng treated groups, the incidence of lung adenoma induced by benzo(a)pyrene was 41.39) and its incidence was reduced to 31.2%, 30.0%, 31.3%, 30.7% and 27.8% after co-treatment with 1.5, 3, 4, 5 and 6 year-dried fresh ginseng, respectively. A significant effect was observed only in 6 Year-dried fresh ginseng. 2) In the white ginseng treated groups, the incidence of lung adenoma induced by benzo(a)pyrene was 45.0% and its incidence decreased to 41.3%, 38.0%, 31.6%, and 25.3% after co-treatment with 3, 4, 5 and 6 year-white ginseng, respectively. Five and 6 year-ginsengs showed significant inhibition of lung adenoma. 3) In the red ginseng treated groups, the incidence of lung adenoma induced by benzo(a) pyrene was 48.6% and its incidence diminished to 37.9%, 41.7%, 31.7%, 28.3% and 25.5% after co-treat-melt with 1.5, 3, 4, 5 and 6 year-red ginseng, respectively. In 4, 5 and 6 year-ginsengs, the anticarcinogenic effect was prominent. From the above results, we concluded that a significant anticarcinogenic effect was observed in 6 year-dried fresh ginseng, 5 and 6 year-white ginsengs, and 4, 5 and 6 year-red ginsengs.

• 생약학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.203-218
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• 2018

It has been extensively known in the high temperature regions such as southern China and south east Asia that Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng) intake raises body heat, while American ginseng(Panax quinquefolium) lowers it, based upon oriental medicine. This is likely due to the misunderstanding of the conception that Korean ginseng shows a warm property, resulting in enhanced blood circulation and stimulation of metabolism. It's further supported by the fact that current scientific studies have shown no notable side effects. Moreover, it has been demonstrated in animal experimental test that Korean ginseng shows a complementary effect in a high temperature environment, together with scientific evidence of a preventive effect of ginseng saponin against cold conditions, suggesting it to exhibit an adaptogenic effect normalizing the body under abnormal body conditions. However, there is a shortage of studies published concerning comparative clinical and animal studies of Korean and American ginsengs, and also, on natives of high temperature countries. Therefore, a further placebo-controlled clinical study has to be considered to elucidate scientifically clinical evaluation of Korean and American ginsengs on the body heat. In this article, we summarize the scientific publications reporting the clinical comparative study of Korean and American ginsengs on body heat response.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.10-22
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• 2017

Background: Asian ginseng and American ginseng are functional foods that share a close genetic relationship and are well-known worldwide. This article aims to investigate the correlation between morphological characteristics and the inherent quality of Asian and American ginsengs. Methods: In this study, an ultra-HPLC-quadrupole/time-of-flight MS (UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS) method was established for the quantitative analysis of 45 ginseng samples. The method developed for determination was precise and accurate. Results: The results showed that Asian ginseng samples with the same growing time (with the same or similar number of stem scars) that had a thinner main root, a longer rhizome and more branch roots contained greater amounts of ginsenosides. For American ginseng, two tendencies were observed in the relationship between the diameter of the main root and contents of ginsenosides. One tendency was that samples with thinner main roots tended to contain higher levels of ginsenosides, which was observed in the samples sold under the commercial name pao-shen. Another tendency was that samples with thicker main roots contained higher contents of ginsenosides, which was observed in the samples sold under the commercial name pao-mian, as well as in samples of American ginseng cultivated in Jilin, China. Conclusion: An approach using ultra-HPLC-quadrupole/time-of-flight MS was successfully established to link morphology and active components for evaluating the quality of Asian and American ginsengs. Clear correlation between visible morphological features and quality of Asian and American ginsengs was found. People can see the difference; this means consumers and vendors can evaluate ginseng by themselves.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate changes in composition of ginsenosides and color of processed ginsengs prepared by different steaming-drying times. Processed ginsengs were prepared from white ginseng with skin by 9-time repeated steaming at $96^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours and followed by hot air-drying at $50^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. As the times of steaming processes increased, lightness (L value) decreased and redness (a value) increased in color of ginseng powders. Crude saponin contents and ginsenosides compositions in processed ginsengs prepared by different steaming-drying times were investigated using the HPLC method, respecively. Crude saponin contents according to increasing steaming-drying times decreased in some degree. In the case of major ginsenosides, the contents of $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Rf, Re, $RG_1$, Re were decreased with increase in steamimg times, but those of $Rh_1$, $Rg_3$, $Rk_1$ were increased after especially 3 times of steaming processes. Interestingly, in black ginseng were prepared by 9 times steaming processes, the content of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was 8.20 mg/g, approximately 18 times higher than that (0.46 mg/g) in red ginseng. In addition, the ratio of the protopanaxadiol group and protopanaxatiol group (PD/PT) were increased from 1.9 to 8.4 due to increasing times of steamming process.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.24-30
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• 2016

Fresh ginseng roots were aged in an oven at $80^{\circ}C$ for 14 d. The in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of this aged ginseng, in comparison with those of the white and red ginsengs, were evaluated. In in vitro antioxidant assays, the ethanolic extracts from aged ginseng showed significantly higher free radical scavenging activity and reducing power than those of the white and red ginsengs. In in vivo antioxidant assays, mice were fed a high fat diet supplemented with white, red, or aged ginseng powders. High fat feeding resulted in a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and a substantial decrease in antioxidant enzymes activities in the animals. However, diet supplementation of ginseng powders, particularly aged ginseng, markedly reduced lipid peroxidation and enhanced the antioxidant enzymes activities. The results illustrate that the aged ginseng has greater in vitro and in vivo antioxidant capacity than the white and red ginsengs. The aged ginseng also showed considerably higher total saponin, phenolic, and flavonoid contents, indicating that its antioxidant capacity may have been partly due to its high levels of antioxidant compounds. This new ginseng product may be useful as a functional food with strong antioxidant potential.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.153-167
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• 1997

Conventionally, identification and classification methods of natural products include the morphological survey and assay of chemical disposition, sing these methods, however, is not satisfying for the precise identification of natural products because they are often valiable in the compositions and morphology To standardize the natural products identification and classification, genomic DNA analysis such as RAPD, RFLP and Amp-FLP can be adopted for this purpose. In this study, various ginsengs and bear gall bladder were tested for the development of genetic identification and classification method. Varieties of ginsengs such as, P. ginseng, P. quinquefolium, P. japonicus and P. notoginseng, were genetically analyzed by RAPD. Also, DNA isolated from Bear blood and gall bladder, Ursus thibetanus, Ursus americanus and Ursus arctos, were analyzed by the same method. The results demonstrated that the identification and classification of bear gall bladder and various ginsengs were possible by RAPD analysis. Therefore, this method was thought to be used as a additional method for the identification and classification of other natural products.