• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.304-311
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• 2018

Background: Ginseng black spot disease resulting from Alternaria panax Whuetz is a common soil-borne disease, with an annual incidence rate higher than 20-30%. In this study, the bacterial strains with good antagonistic effect against A. panax are screened. Methods: A total of 285 bacterial strains isolated from ginseng rhizosphere soils were screened using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and the Oxford cup plate assay. We analyzed the antifungal spectrum of SZ-22 by confronting incubation. To evaluate the efficacy of biocontrol against ginseng black spot and for growth promotion by SZ-22, we performed pot experiments in a plastic greenhouse. Taxonomic position of SZ-22 was identified using morphology, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, 16S ribosomal DNA, and gyrB sequences. Results: SZ-22 (which was identified as Brevundimonas terrae) showed the strongest inhibition rate against A. panax, which showed 83.70% inhibition, and it also provided broad-spectrum antifungal effects. The inhibition efficacies of the SZ-22 bacterial suspension against ginseng black spot reached 82.47% inhibition, which is significantly higher than that of the 25% suspension concentrate azoxystrobin fungicide treatment (p < 0.05). Moreover, the SZ-22 bacterial suspension also caused ginseng plant growth promotion as well as root enhancement. Conclusion: Although the results of the outdoor pot-culture method were influenced by the pathogen inoculum density, the cropping history of the field site, and the weather conditions, B. terrae SZ-22 controlled ginseng black spot and promoted ginseng growth successfully. This study provides resource for the biocontrol of ginseng black spot.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.439-444
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• 2009

This study was to set the guidelines of soil chemical components in order to assure the safety and quality of the panax ginseng from physiological disorder. The disorder symptoms appeared on the leaf with yellow spot, atrophy, yellow-brown spot, also showed red skin and rough skin of the root. Occurrence type of physiological disorder in cultivated field divided into two types : type I 'such as, yellow spot' consist of single disorder symptom; type II 'such as, yellow spot and yellow-brown spot' consist of two or more different disorder symptoms. The individual contribution of soil properties to the occurrence type was as follows ; The yellow spot was affected by Na > $NO_3$-N > salinity (EC) in soil. The same results was observed in red skin. Atrophy was affected by $NO_3$-N > salinity (EC) > Ca > Mg. Rough skin was affected by $P_2O_5$>pH>Organic material > K. It showed positive associated to $P_2O_5$, pH and K, but negative associated to organic matter. Simultaneous occurrence of two different disorder, including cases which yellow spot and yellow-brown spot, those were affected by $NO_3$-N > salinity (EC) > Na > Mg. In the case of atrophy plus yellow-brown spot, those also were affected by in the order : $NO_3$-N > salinity (EC) > Ca > Mg > Na. Red-rough skin was affected in the order : salinity (EC) > $NO_3$-N > K > Na. Soil chemical components appear to be related to occurrence of physiological disorder, particularly in salinity (EC) and $NO_3$-N. The salinity (EC) and $NO_3$-N were negative related to plant growth. In addition, exchangeable cation capacity play critical roles in attributing to complex occurrence of physiological disorder.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.315-320
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• 1994

This survey report introduced briefly peat deposits in SAKHALIN island of eastern SIBERIA continent. Peat industry was promoted as leading resources for development in this island by national control economic plan of central government before CIS. But development of deposit was left suspension of operation due to investment now. In southern area, about 10km from Yuzunosakhalinsk, two deposits of peat field were explored. One of them (Troisk) was suspended at begining stage of peat harvest from 300ha field and the other(Missilop) was producing the compact peat through drying and pulverizing from 350ha peat field which showed long run harvest activities. There are plenty of peat deposits near the Polonai Reika (river) in the central area of this island, At Zbaikaritz, 40km nothern area from Polonaisk, 135ha of peat field was developed. This field was left without working but established field preparation and could be able to be harvested any time if machines and utlities were settled. At southern suburb 10km from Polonaisk, about 40ha field of virgin deposit has been established planning for development. The plan involved estimated amount of peat, deposit depth, water level, drainage and leading road. The most of peat deposits accumulated from sphagnum moss. Texture is coarse but it contains more than 95% of organic carbon near to 0.5% of total nitrogen and acidity showed pH4-5.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.213-220
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• 2015

Background: Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a perennial herb prone to various root diseases, with Phytophthora cactorum being considered one of the most dreaded pathogens. P. cactorum causes foliar blight and root rot. Although chemical pesticides are available for disease control, attention has been shifted to viable, eco-friendly, and cost-effective biological means such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for control of diseases. Methods: Native Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain HK34 was isolated from wild ginseng and assessed as a biological control agent for ginseng. Leaves from plants treated with HK34 were analyzed for induced systemic resistance (ISR) against P. cactorum in square plate assay. Treated plants were verified for differential expression of defense-related marker genes using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: A total of 78 native rhizosphere bacilli from wild P. ginseng were isolated. One of the root-associated bacteria identified as B. amyloliquefaciens strain HK34 effectively induced resistance against P. cactorum when applied as soil drench once (99.1% disease control) and as a priming treatment two times in the early stages (83.9% disease control). A similar result was observed in the leaf samples of plants under field conditions, where the percentage of disease control was 85.6%. Significant upregulation of the genes PgPR10, PgPR5, and PgCAT in the leaves of plants treated with HK34 was observed against P. cactorum compared with untreated controls and only pathogen-treated plants. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate HK34 as a potential biocontrol agent eliciting ISR in ginseng against P. cactorum.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.27-36
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• 2015

Shading and soil environment are the main factors of growth and yield in ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Ginseng yield is directly related to survival rate because of increased missing plant for their growing period. Under field conditions, diseases and pests significantly affect plant survival rate. We evaluated the seedling establishment, growth and ginsenoside of the ginseng plants, under controlled management conditions in a plastic greenhouse, when their treated with different types of organic matter. Ginseng seeds were sown at a rate of three seeds per hole, and the seeding space measured $10cm{\times}15cm$. Compared to the control, treatment of cattle manure vermicompost (CMV) was shown to increase seedling establishment and decrease ginsenoside content. Root weights of plants treated with CMV were higher than those of plants treated with other types of organic matter. In addition, seedling establishment of 2-year-old ginseng plants was decreased when it was compared to that of 1-year-old ginseng plants. Our results indicated that organic matter type and rate were associated with seedling establishment, growth characteristic and ginsenoside content in greenhouse of ginseng direct-sowing culture.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.193-195
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• 2016

한국의 인삼(Panax ginseng)은 다양한 생리학적, 약리학적 활성을 지닌 것으로 입증되어 왔다. 인삼 잘록병은 Rhizoctonia solani와 Pythium sp.과 같은 식물 병원균에 의해 발생하며 인삼 종자에 치명적이다. 잘록병은 일반적으로 화학농약을 이용하여 방제하고 있다. 또한 생물학적 방제는 인삼 잘록병을 방제하는데 효과적이며 환경친화적인 방법으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구진은 인삼 잘록병 방제를 위한 생물 방제제로서 잠재성을 지닌 토양 세균을 탐색하였으며, 그 결과 항균물질 guanidylfungin과 methylguanidylfungin을 생산하는 방선균 A3265 균주를 선발하였다. 본 연구는 방선균 A3265 균주의 인삼 잘록병 방제 활성을 포장에서 조사한 것이다. 그 결과 인삼종자를 방선균 A3265 균주의 배양액에 침지한 후 파종하였을 때 잘록병의 발병률이 유의적으로 감소함을 확인하였다. 이는 방선균 A3265 균주가 잘록병 방제에 효과적으로 활용될 수 있음을 나타낸다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.175-182
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• 2010

North American ginseng seedlings (Panax quinquefolius L.) were grown in pots in heated greenhouses, in a cool greenhouse, or in the field, in 11 experiments at various times over 16 years. Crop establishment, dry matter partitioning, photosynthesis, radiation use efficiency and carbon budget were measured and/or calculated in some years. Once the seedling canopy, of about $20\;cm^2$ per seedling, and a leaf area index of 0.37, was established, about 40 days after germination, full canopy display lasted about 87 days. Only 16.6% of the incoming solar radiation was intercepted by the crop, the remainder falling on the mulched soil surface. Total and root dry matter accumulations in the cool greenhouse and in the field were about double that in the heated greenhouses. Partitioning of dry matter to roots (economic yield or harvest index) in the cool greenhouse and in the field was 73% whereas it was 62.5% in the heated greenhouses. The relationship between root dry matter and radiation interception during the full canopy period was linear with growth efficiencies of $2.92\;mg\;MJ^{-1}$ at 4.8% of incoming radiation and $0.30\;mg\;MJ^{-1}$ at 68% of incoming radiation. A photosynthetic rate of $0.39\;g\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$ was attained at light saturation of about $150\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ (7.5% of full sunlight); dark respiration was $0.03\;g\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$, about 8.5% of maximum assimilation rate. Estimates of dry matter accumulation by growth analysis and by $CO_2$ uptake were similar, 6.21 vs. 7.62 mg $CO_2$, despite several assumptions in $CO_2$ uptake calculations.

• 식물병연구
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.41-45
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• 2009

벼 깨씨무늬병 발병정도가 토양의 무기성분과 어떠한 관계가 있는지를 구명하기 위하여 깨씨무늬병 발생이 많은 포장과 적은 포장의 식물체와 토양의 무기성분을 분석하였다. 깨씨무늬병이 많이 발생한 포장 토양은 적게 발생한 포장의 토양에 비하여 유효인산, 치환성칼륨, 칼슘, 마그네슘, 유효규산의 함량이 현저히 낮았다. 그러나 나트륨의 함량은 높았으며, pH 값이나 유기물함량은 거의 유사한 수준이었다. 병발생이 많은 포장의 볏짚은 적은 포장의 볏짚에 비하여 Fe, Cu, T-N 및 $P_{2}O_{5}$의 함량이 낮았다. 병 발생이 많은 포장의 벼알은 경미한 포장의 벼알에 비하여 Fe, MgO, Zn및 Mn의 함량이 적었다. 논유 형별 발병정도는 사질답, 염해답 순으로 발병이 많았으며, 미숙답이 가장 발병이 적었으며, 보통답과 배수불량 답은 중간수준이였다. 질소시비수준별 발병정도는 무질소구가 가장 발병이 심하였고, 토양검정량 1.5배량과 농가 관행구에서는 병발생이 유의한 수준으로 적었으며, 토양 검정량의 0.5배, 토양검정량의 1.0배, 표준시비량처리가 중간수준으로 병이 발생하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합적으로 고찰하면 사질답등 작토층이 얕고 척박한 토양에서는 질소, 인산, 가리, 철 등 무기성분이 부족되지 않도록 균형시비하고 간척지답 등에서는 염분의 농도가 증가되지 않도록 관리하는 것이 깨씨무늬병을 가장 효율적으로 방제할 수 있는 방안이라 사료되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.192-205
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• 2005

This study is for geochemical relationships between ginsengs and soils from three representative soil types from Keumsan, shale, phyllite and granite areas. For this study, ginsengs (2, 3 and 4 years), with the soils and their host rock, are collected and are analysed for the transitional elements. In the weathered soils, the shale area is high in the most of elements, but low in the granite area. High correlation relationships are shown in the shale area. In the field soils, the shale area is mainly high, but low in the granite area. Comparing with ages, most of elements are high in the 2 year soils, but low in the 4 year soils. Regardless of the localities, positive and negative correlations are dominant in the shale area. In the host rocks, high element contents are shown in the phyllite and shale areas. Positive and negative correlations are found in the shale and phyllite areas for large numbers of the element pairs. In the ginsengs, differences of the element contents with ages are not clear, but show high element contents in the 2 year ginsengs of the shale and phyllite areas, and low contents in the 4 year ginsengs of the granite area. Positive correlations are shown in the Cu-Zn pair in the shale and phyllite areas, and Co-Cu pair in the granite area. In the relative ratios(weathered soil/field soil), most of elements from the shale area are high, above I, suggesting high element contents in the weathered soils of the shale area relative to the granite and phyllite areas. In the relative ratios(weathered soil/host rock), most of elements are above 1, suggesting the high element contents in the weathered soils relative to the host rocks. Relative ratios (soil/ginseng) of the element contents are several to ten times. Regardless of the areas, big differences of the relative ratios are found in the Co and small differences are in the Cu and Zn, which suggest that differences between soils and ginsengs are big in the Co contents and small in the Cu and Zn contents. Regardless of the ages, differences among relative ratios are small in granite area relative to the shale area, which suggest more similar contents between ginsengs and soils in the granite areas.

• 한국환경생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경생물학회 2003년도 학술대회
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• pp.81-85
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• 2003

In round numbers the 100 strains of entomopathogenic nematodes were isolated through the investigation of cultivated including the ginseng forming cultivated and forest soil samples by silkworm trap. The 28 strains of nematodes were selected among the isolated entomopathogenic nematodes that were confirmed the pathogenicity against Holotrichia morosa, Hoiotrichia diomphalia and Ectinus sericeus, the pest of korean ginseng and silkworm. Pathogenicity of the 2025, 2027, 2028, 2034, 2039 and 2057 strains was excellent. Selected entomopathogenic nematodes are classified of two species by morphologiacl and molecular studies, which were Sterinernma carpocapsae sp. and Diplogaster lethier sp.. Diagnostic characters include body length, lateral field pattern, tail shape and so on. The DNA sequences of the ITS region of rDNA shows similar to S. carpocapsae and .D. lethier. Isolated entomopathogenic nematodes were demonstrates that are quite within the realms of possibility for biological control agents of the pests of Korean Ginseng.