• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.257-264
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• 2004

Selection of stress-tolerant ginseng lines in fields is very difficult because it is almost impossible to control properly the environmental conditions of soil. On the contrary, it can be studied with ease to search for stress-tolerant ginseng lines through in vitro culture because of easy manipulation of stress conditions. This study was conducted for the selection of ginseng pure lines tolerant to salt stress. Murashige ＆amp; Skoog(MS) media with 2.5 folds of KNO$_3$, NH$_4$NO$_3$, MgSO$_4$.7$H_2O$, KH$_2$PO$_4$, and CaC1$_2$.2$H_2O$ was established for the selection of ginseng pure lines tolerant to salt stress in vitro. Among 88 ginseng pure lines bred by Korea Ginseng and Tobacco Research Institute, Punggi Hwangsuk, 78093, 82886, 78135, 86024 and KG104 lines was tolerant to salt stress. For the stable production of quality Korean ginseng, genetic tolerance to salt stress is one of important factors since relatively high salt concentrations in the ginseng nursery soil environment of Korea. Ginseng inbred pure lines were tested for their tolerance to salt stress through in vitro culture technique.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1998년도 Advances in Ginseng Research - Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ginseng -
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• pp.96-102
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• 1998

A lot of individual ginseng plants were selected in the farmer's fields to develop new ginseng varieties with desirable traits. Among them, a promising line has been developed through comparative cultivation of several lines selected with pure line separation of local raced. It was then designated as "KC (denotes Korean Ginseng)" and tested in the regional yield and adaptation trials for 10 years. KG lines grew vigorously after 4 years of age. Especially, KG 102 line arson운 them showed traits of multiple and short stems. As for the root characters, the length of taproot of KG 101 line was longer than that of local race, Jakyung-jong, or other lines ailed the root weight of KG 102 line waIn 15 % higher than that of local race. In general, KG 101, KG 103, KG 104, and Hwangsauk-jong had good root shape. Total amount of ginsenosides of ginseng taproot was the highest in KG 103 line than in local race and other lines. In these studies, we, elected three superior lines, KG 101, KG 102, and KG 103, having characteristic of good root shape, high yield, and large amount of ginsenoside, respectively.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2004

Objective : To compare and examine how adjustment of pH and electrolyte can affect the efficacy of cultivated wild ginseng distilled herbal acupuncture, we've administered pure cultivated wild ginseng distilled herbal acupuncture and pH and electrolyte adjusted cultivated wild ginseng distilled herbal acupuncture on A549 human lung cancer lines. Then mRNA and proteins which take parts in apoptosis were examined. Methods : Pure cultivated wild ginseng distilled herbal acupuncture treated group was set as the control group and pH and electrolyte adjusted cultivated wild ginseng distilled herbal acupuncture groups were administered on A549 human lung cancer lines. Cell toxicity was carefully examined and from the analysis of DNA fragmentation, RT-PCR, and Western blot, manifestation of mRNA and proteins which are associated with apoptosis were inspected. Results : The following results were obtained on apoptosis of A549 human lung cancer lines after administering pH and electrolyte adjusted cultivated wild ginseng distilled herbal acupuncture. 1. Measuring cell toxicity of lung cancer cells, higher cell toxicity was detected at pH and electrolyte adjusted groups and the results were concentration dependent. 2. Through DNA fragmentation, we were able to confirm cell destruction in all groups. 3. Experiment groups treated with cultivated wild ginseng distilled herbal acupuncture showed inhibition of Bcl-2 and COX-2 at mRNA and Protein level, whileas increase of Bax was shown. 4. Manifestation of p21, p53, Cyclin E, and Cyclin D1 were confirmed in all groups. 5. Extrication of Cytochrome C was detected at all groups, as well as increased activity of the enzyme caspase-3 and caspase-9, and PARP fragmentation were confirmed. Conclusions : From the above results, we can carefully deduce cell destruction of A549 human lung cancer lines were induced by Apoptosis. At the same concentration level, cell destruction efficacy was better with adjusted pH and electrolyte. Cultivated wild ginseng distilled herbal acupuncture also showed decrease of Bcl-2 and COX-2, as well as increase of Bax. Since cultivated wild ginseng distilled herbal acupuncture increases manifestation of p21, p53, Cyclin E, and Cyclin D1, it affects cellular cycle and through these phenomena, we can consider extrication of Cytochrome C, increase of caspase, and PARP fragmentation are the results.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 1998

To develop a new ginseng varieties with good quality and high yielding, a lot of individual ginseng plants were selected in the farmer's fields in 1972. Among them, a promising line, 7259-3-1, has been developed through comparative cultivation of several lines selected with pure line separation of local races in Korea Ginseng '||'&'||' Tobacco Research Institute. Preliminary and advanced yield trials were performed for 8 years. It was then designated as "KG 101" and tested in the regional yield and adaptation trials for 10 years (1981-1990). KG101 has a green stem with light violet and orange-yellow fruit and flowers 3-7 days later than local race, Takyungjong. Taproot of KG101 was longer than local race Jakyungjong, and root yield of KG101 was 9% higher than local race Jakyungjong. In red ginseng quality, the rates of Chun-Jeesam (Chun and Jee means 1st and 2nd grade, respectively) were 22.3% and 9.4% for KG101 and Jakyungjong, respectively. In these results, it was clarified that KG101 was superior ginseng line with good quality.y.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2000

To develop a new ginseng variety with good quality and high yielding, a lot of individual ginseng plant were selected in the farmers′ fields in 1968. Among them, a promising line, 680-98-2, has been developed through comparative cultivation of several lines selected with pure line separation from local races in Korea Ginseng & Tobacco Research Institute. Preliminary and advanced yield trials were performed for 8 years. 1) One of them was designated as KG102 and it was then registered as a new variety "Yunpoong" with the regional yield and adaptation trials for 10 years (1981-1990) on November 30, 1998 in Korea.2) For the root characters, the diameter of taproot and ratio of the taproot length to the diameter of Yunpoong were bigger and lower than those of Jakyungiong. Root yield was 27.3% higher in Yunpoong than Jakyungiong.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1993년도 학술대회지
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• pp.138-142
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• 1993

Korean ginseng has been widely used as medicine from ancient times in Asia. Current breeding efforts in Korea include the individual plant selection and the subsequent pure - line isolation, and considerable number of lines with desirable traits have thus been isolated. However, there were rare data on genetic maker and its analysis for selection of superior varieties. For taxonomic characterization and development of genetic markers for ginseng breeding, molecular biological methods including the RFLP and RAPD methods were applied. Cytoplasmic DNA of ginseng was analyzed for RFLP analysis. However. there is no different pattern among the chloroplast DNA or mitochondrial DNA of variants. In the case of RAPD analysis, the band patterns using 4 of 10 RAPD primers show the distinctive polymorphism among 9 ginseng variants, and lines, and Similarity Index(SI) on polymorphism was calculated for the extent and nature of these variabilities in ginseng. The sequences of 4 selected primers were TGCCGAGCTG, AATCGGGCTG. GAAACGGGTG, and GTGACGTAGG. By SI based on the polymorphic band patterns, Chungkyung - Chong and Hwangskoog - Chong, and JakyungChong 81783 and Jinjakyung of Russia showed the most close SI. The data of KG10l coincided with the fact that it was released from Hwangskoog - Chong. and Jakyung - Chong 81783 and Jinjakyung of Russia showed the most close SI. The data of KG101 coincided with the fact that it was released from Hwangskoog - Chong by breeding process. The data of Jakyung strains indicated the significant variation among the strains. From these results, RAPD analysis method could be succesively applied to the classification and genetic analysis for breeding of Korean ginseng.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.102-108
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• 2003

본 연구는 금산농업기술센터 인삼연구실에서 순계선발법으로 육성 중인 인삼 계통과 인삼연초연구원에서 육성한 품종을 RAPD 방법으로 계통 내의 변이와 육성계통의 순도를 검정하여 인삼의 순계선발법으로 활용하기 위한 기초자료를 얻기 위해 실시하여 얻은 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 10개 계통으로부터 각각 $4{\sim}5$개 개체를 임의로 수확한 49개체의 DNA를 48개의 primer를 사용하여 PCR한 결과 최소한 1개의 계통 내에서 RAPD다형성을 나타내는 4개의 primer OPA 19, OPM 11, URP 3 및 UBC 98을 선발하였다. 그중 Primer OPA 19, OPM 11 및 UBC 98은 각각 6계통, 7계통 및 1계통 내에서 개체간의 차이를 보이는 band가 증폭되었다. 2. 육성품종 천풍의 DNA를 OPA 19를 사용하여 증폭한 결과 약 1,800bp 크기의 band에서 개체간의 차이를 보였고, OPM 11을 사용하여 증폭한 경우에는 약 730bp 및 850bp 크기의 두 band에서 개체간의 차이를 나타냈으며, 육성품종 연풍은 OPM 11을 사용하여 증폭한 결과 약 730bp 크기의 band에서 개체간의 차이를 보였다. 3. 이와 같이 인삼육성계통내의 개체 간에 RAPD 다형성이 나타나는 이유는 영년작물인 인삼이 타가수정 되면 유전적으로 고정이 되는데 필요한 기간이 길어지기 때문이라고 설명할 수 있다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.86-91
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• 2003

KT&G 중앙연구원 원료연구소에서 육성한 신품종 고풍에 대해서 육성경과, 생산력 검정 및 지역 적응시험을 수행하였다. 1968년에 선발하여 20년 이상 육성된 고풍은 줄기, 잎자루, 꽃대 및 잎맥부위까지도 진한 자색을 띤다. 열매송이 모양은 역삼각형이며 진한 붉은 색으로 재래혼계종인 자경종이나 기개발된 천풍 및 연풍과 지상부 표현형에서의 차이를 나타내었 다. 1981-1984년에 실시한 생산력 검정시험이나 1985-1990년에 실시한 지역적응력시험에서 대비구인 재래혼계종인 자경종과의 지상부 생육 제반 특성에서는 차이가 없었으나 유전적 특성의 발현 재현성이 있었다. 지하부 형질에서는 고풍의 생존율이 대비구인 자경종보다 2.6% 높았고, 고풍의 칸당 수량은 2.3 kg으로 자경종 2.2 kg보다 0.1 kg이 높았으며, 고급홍삼인 천지삼율은 고풍은 16.6%로 대비구인 자경종 9.4%보다 7.2%가 더 높았다. 따라서 고풍은 고급 홍삼제조용 원료삼 품종으로 가능성이 매우 높은 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.673-679
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• 2020

Background: Panax notoginseng saponin (PNS) is the extraction from the roots and rhizomes of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen. PNS is the main bioactive component of Xuesaitong, Xueshuantong, and other Chinese patent medicines, which are all bestselling prescriptions in China to treat cardiocerebrovascular diseases. Notoginsenoside R₁ and ginsenoside Rg₁, Rd, Re, and Rb₁ are the principal effective constituents of PNS, but a systematic research on the rare saponin compositions has not been conducted. Objective: The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic chemical study on PNS and establish the HPLC fingerprint of PNS to provide scientific evidence in quality control. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the new compounds was tested. Methods: Pure saponins from PNS were isolated by means of many chromatographic methods, and their structures were determined by extensive analyses of NMR and HR-ESI-MS studies. The fingerprint was established by HPLC-UV method. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was tested by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 -diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Results and Conclusion: Three new triterpenoid saponins (1-3) together with 25 known rare saponins (4-28) were isolated from PNS, except for the five main compounds (notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenoside Rg1, Rd, Re, and Rb1). In addition, the HPLC fingerprint of PNS was established, and the peaks of the isolated compounds were marked. The study of chemical constituents and fingerprint was useful for the quality control of PNS. The study on antitumor activities showed that new Compound 2 exhibited significant inhibitory activity against the tested cell lines.