• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.152-165
• /
• 1991

It is estimated that world ginseng production has increased from 3,200 tonnes In 1983 to 5,132 tonnes in 1987. China produced approximately hart of world ginseng production and South Korea's production amounts to 31.9% of world ginseng production. Canadian ginseng production of 114 tonnes in 1987 represents only 2.2% of estimated world production. World ginseng production is projected to increase to 6,856 tonnes by 1992. Canadian production as a proportion of total world production is expected to increase to 3.3% however, North American production overall is projected to decrease 12.0% of world production by 1992. Assuming that the value of each country's production is equal to average export price, the value of world ginseng production is estimated to be $ 443 million The estimated values of Korean, North Anerican and Canadian ginseng production represent $ 198.3million, 977.1 million, and $ 12.5 million, redpectively.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
• /
• v.4
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2022

Ginseng and ginseng products are distributed in approximately 190 countries around the world. The size of the ginseng market varies by country and there are no accurate statistics on production and distribution amounts per country. Therefore, it is difficult to make predictions about the global ginseng market. Governments and ginseng trading companies are in need of comprehensive data that shows the current status of the ginseng market to help them establish effective import, export, and sales and marketing policies. To addressthis need, this study examines the approximate size of the world ginseng market based on estimates of recent quantities of ginseng distributed in specific country as well as production by major ginseng producing countries. In 2018, global ginseng production was about 86,223 tons based on fresh ginseng. China produced 50,164 tons, South Korea 23,265 tons, Canada 11,367 tons, the US 1,285 tons, Japan 30 tons, and other countries a combined 112 tons. The value of global ginseng production is estimated to be approximately $5,900 million, with $2,870 million (48.6%) in China, $2,489 million (42.2%) in South Korea, $478 million (8.1%) in Canada, $54 million (0.9%) in the USA, $4 million (0.1%) in Japan, and $5 million (0.1%) in other countries. The value of ginseng products consumed for the last five yearsin South Korea was $1,162 million in 2014, $1,280 million in 2015, $1,548 million in 2016, $1,638 million in 2017, and $1,762 million in 2018, showing that the market has been increasing in recent years. In particular, the Korea Ginseng Corporation (KGC), the biggest global ginseng company in South Korea, recorded sales of $1,207 million in 2018. This represents about 69% of the South Korean ginseng market, and about 20% of global production. Since interest in alternative medicine and health food among consumers is increasing globally, the market for ginseng is expected to expand into the future.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2013

Ginseng is being distributed in 35 countries around the world and there are differences by each country in the distribution volume and amount. However, since there is no accurate statistics on production and distribution amount by each country, it is very difficult to predict the world ginseng market. Ginseng trading companies and governments are in desperate need of comprehensive data that shows the world ginseng market status for sales and marketing. For that reason, this study will look into the approximate size of the world ginseng market based on recent ginseng distribution amount by each country and production by major ginseng producing nations. In addition, the review sets an opportunity to check the status of ginseng (Korea) in the world and presents future direction by examining recent history of ginseng development in Korea, which is one of the world's largest ginseng distributers. Since ginseng is cultivated in limited areas due to its growth characteristics, ginseng distributing countries can be divided based on whether they grow it domestically or not. In general, four countries including South Korea, China, Canada, and the US are the biggest producers and their total production of fresh ginseng is approximately 79,769 tons which is more than 99% of 80,080 tons, the total ginseng production around the world. Ginseng is distributed to different countries in various forms such as fresh ginseng, dried ginseng, boiled and dried ginseng (Taekuksam), red ginseng and the related products, etc. and is consumed as food, dietary supplements, functional food, medical supplies, etc. Also, the world ginseng market including ginseng root and the processed products, is estimated to be worth $2,084 million. In particular, the size of the Korean market is $1,140 million which makes Korea the largest distributer in the world. Since the interests in alternative medicine and healthy food is increasing globally, the consumer market of ginseng with many features and the processed products are expected to expand continuously.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.172-180
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this study is classifying types of American ginseng and estimating their production cost and revenue by the types. Usually, the American ginseng can be classified as 4 different types; wild ginseng(WG), wild simulated ginseng(WSG), woods grown ginseng(WGG), and field cultivated ginseng(FCG). This paper estimates costs and benefits for FCG, WGG, and WSG per acre. The WGG & WSG are produced under the tree at mountain while the FCG is produced at large scale farm with machinery. Annual profit for the FCG is $2,222 while that of the WGG and the WSG are $2,759 and $3,799 per acre. Although quantity produced per acre for the WGG and WSG(600lbs and 160lbs) are much smaller than that of the FCG(3,000lbs), prices per pound for the WGG and WSG($125, 375$) are higher than that of the FCG($24). In addition, production costs for the WGG and WSG are lower than that of the FCG because of the costs for seeds, shadow facility, and chemicals are different by the types of production.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.90-97
• /
• 1994

This study was performed to investigate the effect of the Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer on the growth and production of aflatoxin by Aspergillus flayus ATCC 15517. Asp. fiavus with 10$^6$ conidia was incubated at 30$\circ$C for 7 days on YES broth containing 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0% of ginseng extract. After incubation, dry mycelial weight, pH, and production of aflatoxin were investigated. The results were as follows:There was no significant difference in dry mycelial weight by the addition of 0.1% and 0.5% ginseng extract. However, it was decreased to the rate of 13.7% by the addition of 1.0% ginseng extract in 7 days. pH changes in cultures were similar regardless of the concentration of ginseng extract. The pH values decreased to minimum in 5 days and again increased. Aflatoxin production was reduced as the concentration of ginseng extract increased. When compared to the control, the production of total aflatoxin significantly reduced to 56.7%, 54.0%, 53.3% in the media of 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0% of ginseng extract, respectively. No significant difference was observed among ginseng extract groups.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.89-101
• /
• 2004

Objective : The present experiments were designed to study on the immune-enhancing effect of Mountain grown ginseng, Mountain cultivated ginseng, and Panax ginseng Method : In order to compare the immune-enhancing effect of moutain grown ginseng, moutain cultivated ginseng and Panax ginseng, the study was done through the forced swimming test (FST), measurement of T helper Th1, Th2 cytokines and fatigue related factors. Result : Moutain grown ginseng and panax ginseng decreased the immobility time in the FST compared to the control. Glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Total-protein (T-protein) in serum were investigated. The serum achieved from ginseng administered mouse showed higher BUN, T-protein than the control. moutain grown ginseng administered group showed lower LDH than the control group. moutain grown ginseng administered mouse showed higher glucose than the control. Creatinine was same in either experimental or control group. Ginseng-induced cytokine production in human T-cell line, MOLT-4 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages were compared. Moutain cultivated ginseng (10-4 dilution) and panax ginseng (10-3 dilution) were increased the interferon $IFN-{\gamma}$ production compared with media control (about 1.6-fold P<0.05) at 48 h. Moutain grown ginseng (10-4 dilution) was increased the $IFN-{\gamma}$ and interleukin IL-4 production compared with media control (about l.4-fold for $IFN-{\gamma}$ and 1.6-fold for IL-4 P<0.05) at 48 h. Moutain grown ginseng (10-3 dilution) and moutain cultivated ginseng (10-4 dilution) were increased the turmor necrosis factor $TNF-{\alpha}$ production compared with $rIFN-{\gamma}$ treated cells (about 1.9-fold for $TNF-{\alpha}$ P<0.05), respectively. Moutain cultivated ginseng (10-3 dilution) was increased the IL-12 production compared with $rIFN-{\gamma}$ treated cell (about 1.7-fold for IL-12 P<0.05). Conclusion : These data suggest that three different three kinds of ginseng act on immune responses in different aspects.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.98-103
• /
• 2010

The medicinal plant Panax ginseng (P. ginseng) contains various phytosterols and bioactive triterpene saponins (ginsenosides). Squalene synthase catalyzes the first committed step in ginsenoside biosynthesis. Transgenic plants of P. ginseng were generated by introducing the squalene synthase gene derived from P. ginseng. Adventitious roots of the transgenic ginseng grew best in B5 medium, and 2 g of inoculum secured an optimal growth rate. Two phytohormones, indolebutyric acid and 1-naphtalene acetic acid, increased root growth and decreased ginsenoside production. Treatment with two selected elicitors, chitosan and jasmonic acid, and a precursor of the isoprenoid pathway, mevalonic acid, enhanced ginsenoside production and retarded ginseng growth rate.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.8-14
• /
• 1980

In order to establish effective production o( ginseng extracts from tail ginseng, the tail ginseng was soaked in the different concentration and the amount of ethanol, and iii course of the time and duration of the extraction. The yield of ginseng extract, proximate chemical components and its saponin pattern were investigated. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The amount of tail ginseng extracts decreased in accordance with the increment of ethanol concentration. The yield of the extracts were 50.86%, 44.42%, 37.82%, 35.52% and 33.42% extracted by water.30%. 50%, 70%, and 90% ethanol, respectively. 2. The reasonable proportion of tail ginseng and solvent (35% ethanol) u·as 1 : 4 (42.68%)∼1 : 6 (45.92%) 3. The yield of tail ginseng extract increased according to the extraction time, but it was the most suitable that the tail ginseng extracted for 5 hour (43.32%)∼10 hour (45.60%). 4. The chemical composition and viscosity of tail ginseng extract was decreased but it's transmittance was increased, and the saponin pattern of T.L.C. showed same tendency in the course of extraction time.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.107-111
• /
• 1990

Ginseng root explants and calli were cultured on modified Murashine and Skoog's media supplemented with different concentrations of organic or inorganic compounds and plant growth requlators to clarify the effects of chemical compositon and plant growth regulators in the medium on the growth of ginseng calli and the production of ginseng saponin. For optimum growth of ginseng calli, the concentrations of 2, 4-D and sucrose were in the range of 1 to 5 mg/l and 1 to 3%, respectively. And it was clarified that sucrose, nitrogen, phosphate, calcium, magnesium, plant growth regulators and their concentrations influcenced the relative biosynthesis of saponin in tissue cultures of Panax ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
• /
• v.2
• /
• pp.9-16
• /
• 2020

Ginseng was first addressed ever in the medical record in HyangYakGooGupBang (鄕藥救急方), the oldest Korean medical book published in Kingdom of Goryeo (918-1392) when Ganghwa was the provisional capital city at the time. It is believed that ginsengs in Ganghwa were planted and cultivated from 1100s. Intensive ginseng production in Ganghwa began when Ganghwa became the special district of the Kaesong Ginseng Union (開城人蔘組合) in 1920s, this intensive production continued till the Korean War in 1950. After the Korean War ended in 1953, ginseng production was resumed. In 1967, Ganghwa Ginseng Association (江華蔘業組合) was founded. The total acreage of ginseng harvested was nearly 200 ha in 1967 and it increased to ha 900 in 1974. By mid-1970s, Ganghwa became the largest ginseng region in Korea by total production and acreage. Most of ginseng roots cultivated in Ganghwa are six years old. Ganghwa, which was already well-known for red ginseng productions, has become even more famous for ginseng production.