• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.172-177
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• 1984

Saponins in leaf and stem of Gynostemma pentaphyllum that was collected from Jeju Island were extracted by the method for ginseng saponin. Comparison by overlapping chromatogram(HPLC) of pentaphyllum on that of ginseng and cochromatogram and ginseng although ginsenoside Rg2, Rg1 and Rf might be in common with rare possibility. It seems to be little difference in the kind of saponin glycosides between leaf and stem of pentaphyllum. Saponin content in leaf of pentaphyllum was higher than in stem, and much higher than those in ginseng. The kind of saponin glycoside in pentaphyllum appeared to be less than 22 and greater than those in ginseng. There was almost no change in saponins of pentaphyllum in methanol for 3 years at room temperature.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.291-294
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• 1995

Total saponin was isolated from ginseng leaf, which was hydrolyzed in alkaline condition. The hydrolyzed products were identified as monogluco-ginsenoside, ginsenoside Rh1, Rh2 and compound K, which showed anticancer effects against human cancer cell lines (SNU 717, Daudi, and Jurkat).

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1980.09a
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• pp.151-170
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• 1980

Physiological response of Panax ginseng var. atropurpureacaulo (purple stem variety, Pg) to light was reviewed through old literatures and recent experiments. Canopy structure, growth, pigment, leaf anatomy, disease occurence, transpiration, photosynthesis (PS), leaf saponin, photoperiodism and nutrient uptake were concerned. P. ginseng var. xanthocarpus (yellow berry variety, Px) and Panax quinquefolius(Pq) were compared with Pg if possible. Compensation point(Cp) increased with increase of light and ranged from 110 to 150 at $20^{\circ}C$ but from 140 to 220 at $30^{\circ}C$ with 4 to 15 Klux indicating occurence of light and temperature-dependent high photorespiration. Characteristics of Korea ginseng to hate high temperature was well accordance with an observation 2000 years ago. Korea ginseng showed lower Cp and appeared to be more tolerant to high light intensity and temperature than American sheng although the latter showed greater PS, stomata frequency and conductance, chlorophyll and carotenoids. Px showed lower PS than Pg probably due to higher Cp. Total leaf saponin was higher in leaves grown under high light. Ratio or diol saponin and triol saponin(PT/PD) decreased with increase of light intensity during growing mainly due to decrease of ginsenoside $Rg_1$ but increase of ginsenoside Rd. Leaves of Pg and Px had $Rg_1$ but no $Rb_3$ which was only found as much as $20\%$ of total in Pq leaves, and decreased with increase of light intensity. Re increased in Pg and Px but decreased in Pq with increase of light. PT/PD in leaf ranged 1.0-1.5 in Pg and Px but around 0.5 in Pq. Korea ginseng has Yang characteristics(tolerant to high light and temperature), cultured under Eum(shade) condition and long been used for Yang efficacy (to build up energy) while Pq was quite contrary. Traditional low light $intensity(3-8\%)$ for Korea ginseng culture appeared to be strongly related to historical unique quality. Effect of light quality and photoperiodism was not well known. Experiences are long but scientific knowledge is short for production and quality assessment of ginseng. Recent scientific knowledge of ginseng should learn wisdom from old experiences.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.142-146
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• 1977

For the purpose of utilizing the saponins of the ground part of Panax ginseng, the studies on saponins isolated from the leaves, stems, and flowers of ginseng were Performed. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The crude saponin contents of ginseng loaves, stems, and flowers 12.8%, 1.6% and 6.9% respectively. 2. Infra-red spectrum of ginseng leaf saponin was identical with that of ginseng root.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 1979

The saponins isolated form the herb of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer were investigated as compared with ginseng root saponins. By adopting DEAE cellulose ion exchange chromatography the pure saponins were isolated from Korean ginseng roots and leaves. The ginseng root and leaf saponins showed some differences in the pattern of the two-dimensional thin layer chromatogram. The ratio of panaxadiol to panaxatriol in the saponins was 1.7 in the roots and 3.5 in the leaves. Infra-red spectrum of ginseng leaf saponins isolated by liquid chromatography was identical with that of root saponins.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.340-344
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• 1987

Saponins of ginseng root, leaf and stem were identified by TLC. Eleven unknown spots were detected in ginseng leaf and ten unknown spots in ginseng stem on TLC besides seven ginsenosides such as $ginsenoside-Rg_1,\;-Rf,\;-Re,\;-Rd,\;-Rc,\;-Rb_2,\;and\;-Rb_1$ which are contained in ginseng root. $Ginsenoside-Rg_3\;and\;-Rg_2$ were identified on TLC from mild hydrolysates with 50% acetic acid of total saponins from ginseng root, leaf and stem. Meanwhile, panaxadiol, panaxatriol and oleanolic acid were identified from hydrolysates with 7% ethanolic sulfuric acid of total saponin of ginseng root, while panaxadiol and panaxatriol from those of total saponins of ginseng leaf and stem.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.108-114
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• 1983

1. To know the site of saponin synthesis in this plant, 4-years old Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer was administered with 1, 2-l4C-acetate (Na salt, 10 ucilplant) by stem injection and was continued to grow for 3 weeks and the distribution of the radioactivity in leaf, stem and root part was identified. The percentage of radioactivity recovered was about 3.99%. 2. The sliced roots or leaf discs (2g) were bathed in the reaction mixture containing sugar, ATP, NADPH, and the distribution of the radioactivity of the fractions (sugar, saponin, sapogenin) was identified. 3. It seemed that major synthesized saponins in roots and leaves are dial and triol-type, respectively. Although both types of saponins are synthesized in roots, the main saponins seemed to be dial saponins and a significant portion of triol saponins are supplied from leaves through stem.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.175-181
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• 1994

We studied the folilar wiping effects of antioxidants (ascorbate, glutathione and sodium azide), which effectively inhibited the chlorophyll bleaching or completely recorved the early stage of photosynthesis of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, on photosynthesis, stomatal resistance, free sugar, starch, and total saponin contents of ginseng under the excess light intensity (45 kLux) during 6 days. Ascorbate and glutathione, endogenous antioxidant, recovered photosynehtsis and stomatal resistance, and reduced the photoinhibition by the excess light intensity (45 kLux) on free sugar, starch and total saponin contents. But sodium azide, exogenous $^{1}O_2$ quencher, showed negative effect. Therefore, we assumed that carbohydrates and saponin metabolisms of ginseng by antioxidants (ascorbate, glutathione) were normal. For the reduction of inhibition by excess light in ginseng a program for the higher activation of antioxidants and antioxidative enzymes in ginseng leaf will be desirable. Key words Antioxidants, ascorbate, glutathione, Photoinhibition, ginseng.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.497-503
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• 1983

This study was conducted to define the effects of light intensity on the amount of saponin and free sugar and the ratio of triol group saponin and diol group saponin (PT/PD) in the leaf of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. 4-Year-old ginseng plants were grown under the shadings of different light transmittance rate(LTR) of 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% for 5 months and the leafiets were sampled from 2nd low at late August to determine the amount of saponin and free sugar.-Rd was main ginseuoside in the diol group saponin but in triol group saponin, ginsenoside-Re showed highest value and next was ginsenoside-$Rg_1$ and $Rg_2$ respectively. Up to 20% of light transmittance rate (LTR), the ginseng leaves grown under high light intensity showed an increase in the amount of total saponin and the ratio of PT/PD but the amount of total saponin and the ratio of PT/PD but the amount of total saponin and the ratio of PT/PD was decreased at the ginseng leaves grown under the shading of 30% LTR. The ginseng leaves grown under the shading of 20% LTR showed a significant increase in the amount of glucose and fructose but a significant decrease of sucrose content. A significant positive correlation ($r=0.992$^{**}$) was recognized between the of amount of total saponin and glucose.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.352-359
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to develop a new preparation process of ginseng leaf and stem extracts having high concentrations of ginsenoside Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, a special component of red and black ginseng. Chemical transformation from ginseng saponin glycosides to prosapogenin was analyzed by the HPLC. Extracts of ginseng (Panax ginseng) leaf and stem were processed under several treatment conditions including ultrasonication treatments. The content of total saponin reached their heights at 17 hr (UGL-17) of ultrasonication treatment, followed by 16 hr (UGL-16) and 7 hr (UGL-7) of ultrasonication treatment at $100^{\circ}C$. UGL-17 findings show that the ginseng leaf and stem that had been processed with ultrasonication for 17 hours peaked in the level of Rg2, Rg3 and Rh1. In addition, UGL-16 contained ginsenoside Rg5 at high concentrations. It is thought that such results provide basic information in preparing ginseng leaf and stem extracts with functionality enhanced.