• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.117-127
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 정관장 홍삼의 물(water) extract, 식용발효 주정 extract 및 홍삼 추출물로부터 분리 제조한 crude saponin을 이용하여 면역반응을 매개하는 수지상세포의 활성 효과에 대하여 알아보았다. 그 결과 홍삼시료 중, crude saponin $100\;{\mu}g/ml$을 처리하였을 때 수지상세포의 세포표면 분자인 MHC class II, CD40, CD80, CD86의 발현이 증가하였으며, phagocytosis는 감소하였다. 또한 홍삼시료를 처리한 수지상세포와 allogeneic T세포를 함께 배양하였을 때, 홍삼시료의 물 extract, 식용발효주정 extract, crude saponin 모두 allogeneic T세포의 증식반응을 유도하였고, IL-2와 $IFN-{\gamma}$의 생산량을 증가시키는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 $CD4^+$ syngeneic T세포와 $CD8^+$ syngeneic T세포의 반응에서도 T세포의 증식반응을 높게 유도하였으며, $CD4^+$ syngeneic T세포에서 IL-2와 $IFN-{\gamma}$의 생산량을 증가시키고, $CD8^+$ syngeneic T세포에서는 $IFN-{\gamma}$ 생산량을 증가시키는 것을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과로 crude saponin의 경우 수지상세포 의 세포표면 공동자극분자의 발현을 유도하고 성숙을 유도함으로써 T세포의 활성을 증진시키는 것으로 생각되며, 물 extract와 식용발효주정 extract는 crude saponin과는 다른 기작으로 T세포 활성화를 유도하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 실험에 사용한 홍삼시료, 즉 물 extract, 식용발효주정 extract, crude saponin 모두 수지상세포의 활성을 유도하는 물질로써 암항원 특이적 T세포 활성화를 이용한 항암치료에 이용할 수 있는 가능성이 있다고 사료된다.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.155-161
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• 2016

A recent study reported that Pleurotus ostreatus has the potential to be used as a ${\beta}-glucan-based$ cream for supportive complementary therapy of atopic dermatitis. KH054 is a new herbal prescription consisting of P. ostreatus and Panax ginseng. The effects of atopic dermatitis-induced materials on the expression of cytokine genes in human monocytes (THP-1, EoL- 1) have been examined. Some reports demonstrated that P. ginseng augments the activity of natural killer cells, which plays an important role in innate immunity against infection and tumor development. Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 have important roles in mediating the infiltration of various cells into the skin of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. The present study investigated whether KH054 on induced IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 secretion by house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronissinus) in THP-1 (human acute monocytic leukemia) and EoL-1(Human eosinophilic leukemia) cell. D. pteronissinus functions in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis and asthma. The inhibitory effect of KH054 on the induction of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 secretion by D. pteronissinus extract in THP-1 and EoL-1 cells was examined. KH054 potently suppressed the elevated production of IL-6 and IL-8 induced by D. pteronissinus treatment in THP-1 and EoL-1 cells. Based on the present results, KH054 may be useful for developing functional foods to treat atopic dermatitis.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.65-70
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• 1975

약용식물(藥用植物)인 인삼(人蔘)의 재배(栽培)에 있어서는 여러 가지 특수성(特殊性)이 전래(傳來)되어 오고있다. 인삼(人蔘)은 묘기(苗期)로부터 수확기(收穫期)까지 영양(營養)의 요구성(要求性)이 특수(特殊)하여 상토(床土)의 조제(諸製) 및 본포(本圃)에서의 영양공급(營養供給)을 주(主)로 ‘약토’(藥土)에 의존(依存)하고 있다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 인삼재배포(人蔘栽培圃) 토양(土壤)의 특성(特性)과 약토(藥土)의 성상(性狀)에 대(對)하여 화학적(化學的) 측면(側面)에서 검토(檢討)한 것이다. 묘상토(苗床土)는 토성(土性)이 심(甚)히 거칠며 비옥도(肥沃度)가 몹시 낮고 미숙(未熟)한 원야토(原野土)에 약토(藥土)를 혼합(混合)하여 육묘(育苗)하므로 약토(藥土)의 조성(組成)과 성상(性狀)이 인삼묘(人蔘苗)에 대(對)하여 매우 중요(重要)한 성장요인(生長要因)이 되고 있다. 약토(藥土)는 활엽수엽(闊葉樹葉)을 약간(若干) 부숙(腐熟)시켜 주재(主材)로한 혼성유기물질(混成有機物質)로서 그의 조구성상태(粗構成狀態)를 분석검토(分析檢討)하했고 또한 그의 용해성(溶解性)에 따라 분획(分劃)하였다. 각(各) 획분별(劃分別)로 그의 조성(組成)과 성질(性質)을 추구(追究)하고 상호비교(相互比較)하기 위하여 질소(望素)의 형태별(形態別) 분포(分布), 유기관금기(有機官能基)(-COOH, Phenolic-OH, Alcoholic-OH, $-OCH_3$)의 함유량(含有量), 가시부(可視部)와 적외선부위(赤外線部位)에서의 흡광성(吸光性) 측정(測定). 그리고 가수분해성(加水分解性) 당류(糖類)의 구성상태(構成狀態) 등을 조사(調査)하였으며 한편 약토(藥土)의 Alkali추출물(抽出物)의 성상(性狀)을 전토양부식산(田土壤腐植酸)과 비교(比較) 검토(檢討)하였다.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.49-105
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• 2007

Objectives : Select and analyze the case record of dyspnea and wheezing asthma recorded in Xu Ming Yi Lei An that is the most abundant and wide in contents in existing case records that are systematic, comprehending relatively modern Traditional Chinese Medicine to secure more deep and objective basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine approach for dyspnea and wheezing asthma to analyze and review possibility for clinical application in this study. Methods: The study was conducted with the case records of dyspnea and wheezing asthma in whole Xu Ming Yi Lei An. Pattern identify and classify selected case records and again classified with deficiency syndrome and excess syndrome. Also analyzed prescriptions and herbs used in the case records. Nature of herbs and properties and flavors that were used in the case records were classified and frequency of each nature of herbs were analyzed. Applicable case records were interpreted and suggested prescriptions, pulse feelings, pattern classification were analyzed and described. Results : Among the 5254 case records stated on the complete collection, it is researched that there are 63 case records for the symptom complex of dyspnea as 1.2% of the whole case records, and the case records on the symptom complex of wheezing asthma are 14 as the 0.27% of the total examples. 63 case record examples related with symptom complex of dyspnea were pattern identified and classified. As a result, deficiency syndrome of the Kidney(33 %), deficiency syndrome of the Spleen(26.0%), Wind-Cold(12.3%), phlegm turbidity(12.3%), Heat in the Lung(8.2%), asthenia of the Lung(8.2%) were investigated as above order. 14 case record examples related with wheezing asthma were pattern identified and classified. As a result, phlegm-Heat(26.3%), upper excess and lower deficiency(26.3%), external affections Wind-Cold(15.8%), Dampness-phlegm(10.5%), Lung asthenia(10.5%), Cold phlegm(5.3%), mutual deficiency and detriment of Heart and Kidneys(5.3%) were investigated as above order. Symptom complex of dyspnea has 67.1% of deficiency syndrome, 32.9% of excess syndrome resulting more deficiency syndrome than excess syndrome. Symptom complex of wheezing asthma has 42.1 % of deficiency syndrome and 57.9% of excess syndrome resulting more excess syndrome than deficiency syndrome. In case of symptom complex of dyspnea prescription used in the case record, the order of frequency is as following. Palmijihwang-tang, Bojung-ikgitang, Yungmijihwang-tang, Ijintang, Sojaganggitang, Igongsan. In case of symptom complex of wheezing asthma prescription in the case record, Yungmijihwang-tang, Ohotang, Dodamtang were mostly used. Herbs used in case records of symptom complex of dyspnea are Ginseng Radix, Poria, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Aconiti Iateralis Preparata Radix, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Rehmanniae Radix Preparat, Pinelliae Rhizoma, Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens are mostly used. Nature of herb properties used for symptom complex of dyspnea and symptom complex of wheezing asthma are herbs that are warm properties. When the symptom complex of dyspnea and the symptom complex of wheezing asthma were treated. if the patient felt tenderness at Pyesu, doctors conducted pricking blood around the opposite Pyesu or Sipseon acupoint. when the patient didn't have tenderness at Pyesu by soft press, pricking blood was performed both sidees, right and left Pyesu. In case of the treatment of symptom complex of dyspnea and symptom complex of wheezing asthma, when they got treatment, when the symptom complex of disease is severe, a doctor cauterized the opposite Pyesu while the other Pyesu felt tenderness, and decided how the above treatment is performed whether the degree of the symptom compolex of disease is severe or not. In case of the treatment of symptom complex of dyspnea and symptom complex of wheezing asthma, if the person felt tenderness at Pyesu and is caught by the Wind-Cold pathogen, slight acupuncture is treated at relevant Pyesu with Fire needling. When patient with symptom complex of dyspnea and symptom complex of wheezing asthma cannot hawk sputum up from the oral and laryngopharynx, suction method is treated. Conclusion : With this study, actual traditional and clinical pattern identification form and characteristics of symptom complex of dyspnea and symptom complex of wheezing asthma were recognized. Modern case report utilizing in clinical application need to be secured and an incurable disease asthma need to be diagnosed and improvement for treatments have to be searched through other case records.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.570-578
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• 2012

인삼 조사포닌 추출물 내의 ginsenoside를 CK로 전환을 하기 위하여 T. reesei 유래 cellulolytic 복합 효소를 사용하였다. 온도, pH, 인삼 조사포닌 추출물 농도, 효소 농도와 반응시간별 T. reesei 효소의 인삼 조사포닌 추출물로부터 CK 전환에 대한 적정조건을 살펴본 결과, 온도는 $50^{\circ}C$에서 691.51 mg/100 g으로, pH는 조건별 큰 차이는 보이지 않았지만 pH 5.0일때 701.88 mg/100 g으로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 인삼 조사포닌 추출물과 효소 농도에 있어서는 각각 2%(w/v) 농도(678.82 mg/100 g)와 9%(v/v) 농도(691.51 mg/100 g)일 때 가장 높은 CK 농도를 보였다. 온도 $50^{\circ}C$, pH 5.0, 인삼 조사포닌 추출물 농도 2%(w/v)와 효소농도 9%(v/v)에서 반응시간에 따른 CK 생산을 분석한 결과, 반응 48시간까지 급격히 증가하다가 그 이후에는 반응속도가 현저하게 느려지는 경향을 보였지만, 반응 96시간에 784.97 mg/100 g으로 가장 높은 CK 농도를 나타내었다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 인삼 조사포닌 추출물의 농도 2%(w/v), 효소 농도 7%(v/v)와 반응 시간 48 hr를 CK 생산에 중요 요인변수로 선정하여 pH 5.0와 온도 $50^{\circ}C$에서 반응표면분석법 실험을 진행하였다. 그 결과, 인삼 조사포닌 추출물 농도 2.38%, 효소농도 6.07%와 효소반응 시간 64.04 hr를 최적조건으로 설정하였으며, CK 생산 예측 값은 840.77 mg/100 g이었다. 반응표면분석법으로 선정한 최적조건에서 플라스크와 생물반응기를 이용하여 효소반응을 수행한 결과 플라스크에서는 CK 생산 예측 값 보다 약 1.2배 높은 1,017.93 mg/100 g이 생성되었고, 생물반응기에서는 예측 값과 비슷한 862.31 mg/100 g의 CK가 생성되었다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.71-77
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• 1982

Improvements in the analytical methodology used in the gas chromatographic/mass spectral analysis of phenolic compounds from cigarette smoke are described. For the direct analysis of crude samples, pyridine extraction and the glass capillary column GC was used for the separation of phenolics as trimethylsilyl derivativatives. The separations of cigarette smoke on Carbowax 20M and SE-54 wall coated open tubular columns are given. Improved methodology for the routine quantitation of the identified components using the computer-controlled multiple ion selection technique of MS presented. Considerations pertaining to routine analyses of a multitude of complex smoke samples are also discussed.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.37-47
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• 1993

The native connective tissue attachment of the periodontium is known to be a complex consisting of gingival fibroblasts, periodontal ligament cells, gingival epithelial cells, cementum, alveolar bone and extensive extracellular matrix (collagen, glycoprotein and proteoglycans). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of natural extracts on DNA, collagen and protein synthesis and inhibition of cytokine production in the gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts and gingival epithelial cells. Healthy gingival tissue was obtained from orthodontic treatment patients, and gingival epithelial cells, gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells were isolated and cultured from the samples. After treated with Ginseng protein, Pluronic F-68, Scutellariae Radix, centella asiatica, PDGF, IGF, DNA synthesis, total protein and collagen synthesis, and cytokine production of gingival epithelial cell, gingival fibroblast and periodontal ligamentcells were measured. MTT method for DNA synthesis, Peterkofsky and Dingerman method for total protein and collagen synthesis, and IL-1 ELISA kit for cytokine production were used. The proliferation of epithelial cells was enhanced in Centella asiatica, Ginseng protein, Pluronic F-68 and Scutellariae Radix. The activities of PDL cells were increased in PDGF, IGF, and Pluronic F-68. Higher collagen synthesis was observed in Scutellariae Radix and total protein synthesis was increased in Scutellariae Radix and PDGF. The inhibitory effects on IL-1, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ were observed in all exrracts.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.685-690
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• 2005

We recently reported that the ginseng saponin metabolite, compound K (20-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyra-nosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol, IH901), inhibits the growth of U937 cells through caspase-dependent apoptosis pathway. In this study, we further characterized the effects of compound K on U937 cells and found that, in addition to apoptosis, compound K induced the arrest of the G1 phase. The compound K treated U937 cells showed increased p21 expression; an inhibitory protein of cyclincdk complex. The up-regulation of p21 was followed by the inactivation of cyclin D and the cdk4 protein, which act at the early $G_1$ phase, and cyclin E, which acts at the late $G_1$ phase. Furthermore, compound K induced the activation of JNK and the transcription factor AP-1, which is a downstream target of JNK. These findings suggest that the up-regulation of p21 and activation of JNK in the compound K treated cells contribute to the arrest of the $G_1$ phase.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.44-49
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• 2020

Background: Salting-out extraction (SOE) had been developed as a special branch of aqueous two-phase system recently. So far as we know, few reports involved in extracting ginsenosides with SOE because of the lower recovery caused by the unique solubility and surface activity of ginsenosides. A new SOE method for rapid pretreatment of ginsenosides from the enzymatic hydrolysates of Panax quinquefolium was established in this article. Methods: The SOE system comprising ethanol and sodium carbonate was selected to extract ginsenosides from the enzymatic hydrolysates of Panax quinquefolium, and HPLC was applied to analyze the ginsenosides. Results: The optimized extraction conditions were as follows: the aqueous two-phase extraction system comprising ethanol, sodium carbonate, ethanol concentration of 41.51%, and the mass percent of sodium carbonate of 7.9% in the extraction system under the experimental condition. Extraction time had minor influence on extraction efficiency of ginsenosides. The results also showed that the extraction efficiencies of three ginsenosides were all more than 90.0% only in a single step. Conclusion: The proposed method had been successfully applied to determine ginsenosides in enzymatic hydrolysate and demonstrated as a powerful technique for separating and purifying ginsenosides in complex samples.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.734-743
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• 2021

Background: The underlying mechanisms of the potential tumor-suppressive effects of ginsenoside Rh2 are complex. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation is usually dysregulated in cancer. This study explored the regulatory effect of ginsenoside Rh2 on m6A RNA methylation in cancer. Methods: m6A RNA quantification and gene-specific m6A RIP-qPCR assays were applied to assess total and gene-specific m6A RNA levels. Co-immunoprecipitation, fractionation western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining were performed to detect protein interactions and distribution. QRT-PCR, dual-luciferase, and ChIP-qPCR assays were conducted to check the transcriptional regulation. Results: Ginsenoside Rh2 reduces m6A RNA methylation and KIF26B expression in a dose-dependent manner in some cancers. KIF26B interacts with ZC3H13 and CBLL1 in the cytoplasm of cancer cells and enhances their nuclear distribution. KIF26B inhibition reduces m6A RNA methylation level in cancer cells. SRF bound to the KIF26B promoter and activated its transcription. SRF mRNA m6A abundance significantly decreased upon KIF26B silencing. SRF knockdown suppressed cancer cell proliferation and growth both in vitro and in vivo, the effect of which was partly rescued by KIF26B overexpression. Conclusion: ginsenoside Rh2 reduces m6A RNA methylation via downregulating KIF26B expression in some cancer cells. KIF26B elevates m6A RNA methylation via enhancing ZC3H13/CBLL1 nuclear localization. KIF26B-SRF forms a positive feedback loop facilitating tumor growth.