• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.149-153
• /
• 1996

Studies were Performed to determine whether the water fraction of Panax ginseng Protected radiation damage to hair medullar cells of N:GP(s) mice after in vivo irradiation with $^{60}Co{\;}{\gamma}-rays$. The hair follicles in the middle of the growth cycle were analysed 3 days after 3 Gy irradiation for the changes in the number of cells in the forming medulla of the hair in the region just above the germinal matrix of the growing (anagen) hair follicle. The radioprotective effect of ginseng was compared with the irradiation control. The medullar cell count per unit length ($100{\;}\mu\textrm{m}$) of hair follicle was higher in the pretreated-groups of ginseng, both oral (2 mg/ml of drinking water, p<0.05) and intraperitoneal (0.3 mg/head, p<0.001) treatments, than the irradiation control. These data suggested that the water fraction of Panax ginseng may reduce cell damages on the body surface caused by ${\gamma}-rays$.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.123-129
• /
• 2014

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) are widely used medicinal plants with similar morphology but different medicinal efficacy. Roots, flowers, and processed products of Korean and American ginseng can be difficult to differentiate from each other, leading to illegal trade in which one species is sold as the other. This study was carried out to develop convenient and reliable chloroplast genome-derived DNA markers for authentication of Korean and American ginseng in commercial processed products. One codominant marker could reproducibly identify both species and intentional mixtures of the two species. We further developed a set of species-unique dominant DNA markers. Each species-specific dominant marker could detect 1% cross contamination with other species by low resolution agarose gel electrophoresis or quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Both markers were successfully applied to evaluate the original species from various processed ginseng products purchased from markets in Korea and China. We believe that high-throughput application of this marker system will eradicate illegal trade and promote confident marketing for both species to increase the value of Korean as well as American ginseng in Korea and worldwide.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2019

The ginsenoside content was compared with wild simulated ginseng (Panax ginseng) collected every season at 11 wild simulated ginseng plantations in Korea. As a result, the total saponin of 7 years old wild simulated ginseng showed the highest content of 4.5% in spring sampling wild simulated ginseng, 2.0% in summer sampling wild simulated ginseng, 1.2% in winter sampling wild simulated ginseng and 1.0% in autumn sampling wild simulated ginseng. And also, the total saponin of 10 years old wild simulated ginseng showed the highest content of 3.9% in spring sampling wild simulated ginseng, summer sampling wild simulated ginseng (1.8%), winter sampling wild simulated ginseng (1.6%) and autumn sampling wild simulated ginseng (0.6%). Therefore, the total saponin of spring sampling wild simulated ginseng was about 4.5 - 6.5 times higher than that of autumn sampling wild simulated ginseng regardless of cultivation period.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.105-110
• /
• 1992

Polysaccharide contents in Panax ginseng roots were evaluated by a spectrophotometry, utilizing the complex formation of ginseng polysaccharide with alcian blue dye in 50 mM ammonium biphos-phate, pH 4.2. The polysaccharide content in red ginseng was about three times higher than that in fresh ginseng when both were extracted with water, and increased about two times when red ginseng was extracted with an alkaline solution. The determination of polysaccharide in various parts of ginseng revealed that main roots contained the component more than fine roots. Fresh ginseng sections stained by the dye showed polysaccharide mainly was found in cortex and combium but not in epidermis.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.217-221
• /
• 1992

Total polysaccharide contents in Panax ginseng roots were evaluated by a spectrophotometry, utilizing the complex formation of ginseng polysaccharide with alcian blue dye in 50 mM ammonium biphosphate, pH 4.2. The total polysaccharide content in red ginseng was about three times higher than that in fresh ginseng when both were extracted with water, and was increased about two times when red ginseng was extracted with an alkaline solution. The determination of total polysaccharide in various parts of ginseng revealed that main roots contained the component more than fine roots. Fresh ginseng sections stained by the dye showed polysaccharide mainly found in cortex and cambium but not in epidermis. Pattern-analysis on total and acidic polysaccharides from fresh and red ginsengs exhibited that the chemical compositions of the polysaccharides extracted from both ginsengs quite differed from each other.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.150-154
• /
• 2008

Twenty five albino rats were divided into five groups for conducting this experiment. The first group was for positive control (Vitamin C, ascorbic acid), the second group was of Panax ginseng (10 mg/kg body weight) treated group after bio-activity assay, the third group was of mercuric chloride treated group (0.033 mg/kg body weight) based on calculating $LD_{50}$ 9.26 mg/kg body weight by probit analysis, the fourth group was of mercuric chloride (0.033 mg/kg body weight) followed by Panax ginseng (10 mg/kg body weight) and the fifth group was Panax ginseng (10 mg/kg body weight) followed by mercuric chloride (0.033 mg/kg body weight) treated group. The interval between intake of Panax ginseng and mercuric chloride was of 2 hours in groups, fourth and fifth respectively. Comparative free radical scavenging property of Panax ginseng was studied under three in vitro models (role model for calculating scavenging activity) viz. DPPH method (hydroxyl free radicals), Nitric oxide method (nitrile free radicals) and Lipid peroxidation (mercury free radicals).

• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.49-54
• /
• 2013

Sclerotinia white rot disease was observed on 5 and 6-year-old ginseng (Panax ginseng) roots in Hongchun, Cheorwon, and Yanggu, Gangwon Province, Korea from 2006 to 2010. Symptoms included a brownish watery soft rot of the roots, and black sclerotia were often found on the rotten roots. The causal agent of the disease was identified as Sclerotinia nivalis based on cultural characteristics and sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA and ${\beta}$-tubulin gene with 100% sequence similarity. Pathogenicity tests were performed on 2-year-old ginseng roots with mycelium plugs without wounds. A watery soft rot of the roots and black sclerotia were observed 10 days after inoculation. These symptoms were identical to those observed on naturally infected roots. The same fungus was re-isolated from the lesions induced by artificial inoculation. This is the first report of sclerotinia white rot caused by S. nivalis on P. ginseng in Korea.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.194-196
• /
• 1980

Five years old ginseng plant (Panax ginseng) with ten stems from six bud base was found in a ginseng plantation. Stems were emerged even around the rhizome base. Growth status of all stems were poor. The length of some stems was shorter than that of petiole. The shorter the stem length is the longer the petiol length.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.457-467
• /
• 2013

A quick and simple method for simultaneous determination of the 30 ginsenosides (ginsenoside Ro, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, 20(S)-Rg2, 20(R)-Rg2, 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, 20(S)-Rh1, 20(S)-Rh2, 20(R)-Rh2, F1, F2, F4, Ra1, Rg6, Rh4, Rk3, Rg5, Rk1, Rb3, Rk2, Rh3, compound Y, compound K, and notoginsenoside R1) in Panax ginseng preparations was developed and validated by an ultra performance liquid chromatography photo diode array detector. The separation of the 30 ginsenosides was efficiently undertaken on the Acquity BEH C-18 column with gradient elution with phosphoric acids. Especially the chromatogram of the ginsenoside Ro was dramatically enhanced by adding phosphoric acid. Under optimized conditions, the detection limits were 0.4 to 1.7 mg/L and the calibration curves of the peak areas for the 30 ginsenosides were linear over three orders of magnitude with a correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. The accuracy of the method was tested by a recovery measurement of the spiked samples which yielded good results of 89% to 118%. From these overall results, the proposed method may be helpful in the development and quality of P. ginseng preparations because of its wide range of applications due to the simultaneous analysis of many kinds of ginsenosides.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.31-35
• /
• 2017

Background: Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) is a well-known medicinal plant of Oriental medicine that is still in practice today. Until now, a total of 11 Korean ginseng cultivars with unique features to Korean ginseng have been developed based on the pure-line-selection method. Among them, a new cultivar namely G-1 with different agricultural traits related to yield and content of ginsenosides, was developed in 2012. Methods: The aim of this study was to distinguish the new ginseng cultivar G-1 by identifying the unique single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at its 45S ribosomal DNA and Panax quinquefolius region than other Korean ginseng cultivars using multiplex amplification-refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). Results: A SNP at position of 45S ribosomal DNA region between G-1, P. quinquefolius, and the other Korean ginseng cultivars was identified. By designing modified allele-specific primers based on this site, we could specifically identified G-1 and P. quinquefolius via multiplex PCR. The unique primer for the SNP yielded an amplicon of size 449 bp in G-1 cultivar and P. quinquefolius. This study presents an effective method for the genetic identification of the G-1 cultivar and P. quinquefolius. Conclusion: The results from our study shows that this SNP-based approach to identify the G-1 cultivar will be a good way to distinguish accurately the G-1 cultivar and P. quinquefolius from other Korean ginseng cultivars using a SNP at 45S ribosomal DNA region.