• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.47-50
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• 2010

The common DNA extraction methods are indispensable for genotyping by molecular marker analysis. However, genotyping a large number of plants is painstaking. A modified 'NaOH-Tris' method used in this study reduces the extraction time while keeping the cost low and avoiding the use of hazardous chemicals. The endpoint analysis by realtime PCR tends to be fast and effective for the development of SNP markers linked to the 'Chunpoong' cultivar of Panax ginseng. The 'Chunpoong' marker was developed by a major latex-like protein gene sequence. From our results, we suggest that this method is successful in distinguishing 'Chunpoong' from a large number of ginseng cultivars.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.643-650
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• 2020

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) is a dicotyledonous, medicinal, perennial plant belonging to the genus Panax of the family Araliaceae. We investigated the occurrence and incidence of plant viruses in Panax ginseng in Korea. A total of 656 leaf samples were combined into one and total RNA was extracted from the polled sample, using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), a metatranscriptome analysis of the plant virome was conducted. The virus present in Panax ginseng was confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay using virus-specific primers. In RNA-Seq data analysis, the multiplication protein of four viral contigs including Aristotelia chilensis virus 1 (AcV1), Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), and Tobamovirus multiplication protein were discovered. From our metatranscriptome analysis and RT-PCR assay, TuMV and WMV were detected, whereas the three viruses reported in China such as tomato yellow leaf curl China virus; panax notoginseng virus A; and panax virus Y were not found in this study. The distribution of domestic ginseng viruses seems different from that recorded in China. Overall, this is the first plant virome analysis of Panax ginseng in Korea.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 2024

Objectives : As a substitute for high-price ginseng, this study attempted to examine a possibility of the ferment extract of Panax ginseng sprout whether leaves and roots can be used together as a cosmetic ingredient with anti-oxidative and wrinkle-care effects. Methods : In terms of a test method, antioxidant activities were confirmed through total polyphenol contents, total flavonoid contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity using the Panax ginseng sprout. In addition, to assess wrinkle-care effectiveness, the cytotoxicity of the extract was analyzed through MTT assay, and inhibition of collagenase activity in the cells was tested using the Panax ginseng sprout fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Resuits : The content of polyphenols and flavonoids in natural plants was highest in Panax Ginseng Sprout Extract at 100℃, which also demonstrated high DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity. MTT assay demonstrated that the Panax Ginseng Sprout Ferment Extract did not have a cytotoxic effect in CCD-986SK cell. Also, Panax Ginseng Sprout Ferment Extract was found to inhibit MMP-1 expression by 51.85±6.09% at a concentration of 10%. Conclusions : Therefore, this study has confirmed a possibility of Panax ginseng sprout ferment extract as a cosmetic ingredient with MMP-1-inhibitory effects.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.175-180
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• 1995

The disease development of root-rot [pathogen:Cylindrocarpon destruction (Zinssm.) Scholten] occurred in 2-year old ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) was investigated in the continuous (the first cultivation: 1978∼1982, 2nd cultivation: 1990∼1993 and abolished in 1993 due to replanting problem) and replanted cultivation (period of cultivation: 1980∼1984). In the continuous cultivation, incidences of root-rot were 0.7% on May 3, 48.6% on May 24, and 95.8% on June 14, respectively. In the replanted cultivation, no symptom was observed on May 3 and disease incidence was generally lower compared with the continuous cultivation. On the aerial part of the ginseng infected by C. desiccates, the end and/or margin of leaves were changed to dark reddish color that appeared for behind the root-rot symptom. In this field, the longitudinal growth of lateral root was more inhibited than in the case of the replanted cultivation by C. destmctans. The inhibition rate of rootlet growth was 37.3% in the continuous cultivation as compared with that of replanted cultivation at June 14. Though lesions of root-rot were formed all over the roots, 61.2% of the lesions was positioned within 6 cm under the rhizome. Key words Panax ginseng, Cylindrocarpon destmtan, root-rot of ginseng, replanting problem of ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2022

Traditionally, Asian ginseng or Korean ginseng, Panax ginseng has long been used in Korea and China to treat various diseases. The main active components of Panax ginseng is ginsenoside, which is known to have various pharmacological treatment effects such as antioxidant, vascular easing, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, and anticancer. Most reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause chronic diseases such as myocardial symptoms and cause fatal oxidative damage to cell membrane lipids and proteins. Therefore, many studies that inhibit the production of oxidative stress have been conducted in various fields of physiology, pathophysiology, medicine and health, and disease. Recently, ginseng or ginsenosides have been known to act as antioxidants in vitro and in vivo results, which have a beneficial effect on preventing cardiovascular disease. The current review aims to provide mechanisms and inform precious information on the effects of ginseng and ginsenosides on the prevention of oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease in animals and clinical trials.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.107-111
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• 1990

Ginseng root explants and calli were cultured on modified Murashine and Skoog's media supplemented with different concentrations of organic or inorganic compounds and plant growth requlators to clarify the effects of chemical compositon and plant growth regulators in the medium on the growth of ginseng calli and the production of ginseng saponin. For optimum growth of ginseng calli, the concentrations of 2, 4-D and sucrose were in the range of 1 to 5 mg/l and 1 to 3%, respectively. And it was clarified that sucrose, nitrogen, phosphate, calcium, magnesium, plant growth regulators and their concentrations influcenced the relative biosynthesis of saponin in tissue cultures of Panax ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 1996

This study was carried out to determine the differences of essential oil components among Korean, Chinese and Japanese red ginseng, and Korean white ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A Mayer) , American and Canadian ginseng (P. Quinquefolium), and sanchi ginseng (P notoginseng). The steam distilled oils of these ginsengs were analyzed by GC and GC-MS, and 22 sesquiterpenes, 8 sesquiterpene alcohols, 8 monoterpenes, 5 aldehydes, 4 esters, 3 acids, 2 alcohols and 5 miscellaneous components were identified. The major oil components of Korean, Chinese and Japanese red ginseng were $\beta$-panasinsene, $\beta$-caryophyllene, $\alpha$-panasinsene, $\alpha$-neoclovene, selina-4,11-diane, bicyclo-ger-macrene and spathulenol. The contents of $\beta$-panasinsene, $\alpha$-neoclovene, $\alpha$-basabolene and spathulenol were higher in Korean red ginseng than Chinese and Japanese red ginseng. The contents of $\alpha$-cubebene, selina-4,11-diene and ledol were higher in Chinese red ginseng than Korean and Japanese red ginseng, but those of selina-4,11-diene and spathulenol were lower in Japanese red ginseng than Korean or Chinese red ginseng. On the other hand, the GC patterns of the oils from American, Canadian and sanchi ginseng were different from that of Korean white ginseng.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.10 no.2 s.23
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• pp.5-18
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• 2007

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to obtain an objective differentiating method for various types of Panax ginseng: ginseng, cultivated wild ginseng, and natural wild ginseng which are distinctive according to their growing environment. Methods : The roots, stem, and leaves of several types of ginseng were collected and comparative analysis of proteome was conducted on each part using 2-DE and the results examined. Results : 1. Proteome images of the respective parts within the samples showed spot-matching in most cases, suggesting that they are genetically identical panax ginseng. 2. Similar distribution patters were seen within the different parts of the Panax ginseng: ginseng, Chinese cultivated wild ginseng, and the 5 and 10 years old Korean cultivated wild ginseng. 3. For a quantitative evaluation of spots showing differences among the samples, 102 spots from the roots, 109 spots from the stems, and 132 spots form the leaves which showed a difference were selected and centrifugal identification was conducted. 4. Peculiar proteins from each respective part of the Panax ginseng were identified and the top 20 spots with significant differences were selected and analyzed in order to provide a differentiation rate among the samples. The accuracy rate ranged between 23.0-38.8%. 5. Differentiation rate of the top 10 spots with significant differences showed a 50-85% accuracy rate, and the differentiation rate was especially high for the stem of Chinese cultivated wild ginseng and Korean cultivated wild ginseng.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.157-162
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• 1987

The study was carried out to investigate the effects of light intensity, temperature and seasonal trends on the photosynthesis as well as the physiological characteristics of Panax species and cultivars. Four-year-old plant of Violet-stem variant, Yellow-berry variant, Mimaki and Russian ginseng of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and American ginseng of Panax quiquefolium L. were used for study. These Panax species and cultivars were cultivated under the straw shading. The light saturation point of leaves in Violet-stem variant, Yellow-berry variant, Mimaki and American ginseng were 15,000 lux, but that of Russian ginseng was 10,000 lux. The optimum air temperature on the phtosynthesis of Violet-stem variant, Yellow-berry variant, Mimaki and American ginseng were 20$^{\circ}C$ but that of Russian ginseng was 15$^{\circ}C$ under 15,000 lux. The photosynthetic rates were increased in order of Russian ginseng, Mimaki, Yellow-berry variant, Violet-stem variant and American ginseng. The respiration rates of ginseng leaves were increased according to the increasing of temperature, but it was not different among Panax species and cultivars. Stomata frequency of American ginseng was highest, that of Russian ginseng lowest, while the length of stomata was reverse. The total chlorophyll content of American ginseng and specific leaf weight of Mimaki were higher than other ginseng cultivars. The root weight of American ginseng was heavier than others, but that of Russian ginseng was lighter. The num ber of leaflets per plant of 2-year-old plant and the root weight of 6-year-old plant were increased in order of Russian ginseng, American ginseng, Mimaki, Yellow-berry variant and Violet-stem variant.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.197-199
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• 1987

Two alkaloids were isolated from an ether-soluble alkaloidal fraction of Panax ginseng. They were identified as 1-carbobutoxy-$\beta$-carboline and 1-carbomethoxy-$\beta$-carboline.