• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.60-63
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• 2004

A sucrose-agar globule (SAG) was newly introduced to increase production of the vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungal spores, Gigaspora gigantea and Glomus fasciculatum. An SAG inoculum and a sucrose-agar globule with root exudates (SAGE) inoculum were prepared, and their spore productions were compared with a soil inoculum. When the SAGE was used as the inoculum on sucrose-agar medium plates the number of spores was increased (35% more than the soil inoculum). After the soil inoculum and SAGE were inoculated on an experimental plant, Zingiber officinale, the percentage root colonization, number of VAM spores, and dry matter content were analyzed. It was observed that the SAGE showed a higher percentage of root colonization (about 10% more), and increases in the number of spores (about 26%) and dry matter (more than 13%) for the two VAM fungal spores than the soil inoculum. The results of this study suggested that the SAGE inoculum may be useful for the mass production of VAM fungi and also for the large scale production of VAM fungal fertilizer.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.165-169
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• 2002

One-hundred and twenty plant extracts were prepared from 29 Indonesian plants and were primarily tested in vitro cytotoxicity in cultured human lung (A549), colon (Col2), and stomach (SNU-638) cancer cells. As a result, the 23 extracts were found to be active in the criteria of $ED_{50}$<$20\;{\mu}g/ml$. Remarkable cytotoxicity was observed for chloroform and n-butanol extracts of Calotropis gigantea, with $ED_{50}$ values ranging from 0.25 to $0.46\;{\mu}g/ml$. Five extracts derived from Eclipta alba and Excoecaria cochinchinensis displayed potent cell-line selective cytotoxicity, while the rest of 15 extracts showed modest cytotoxic activity against all of three cancer cells. In addition, the cytotoxic potential of subfractions of Zingiber cassumunar against a panel of human cancer cell lines is presented.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.319-324
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• 2000

Species boundaries among the Alcyonacean soft coral, the genus Dendronephthya, are often obscured by inter- and intraspecific morphological variations. In the present study, we attempted to infer the genetic relationships of eight dendronephthians based on their molecular characters, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA, and then compared this result together with the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) data from our previous investigation. Dendronephthya. putteri and D. suensoni formed a divaricate form - VI grade specific clade, whereas D. castanea, D. gigantea, D. aurea and D. spinifera, formed a umbellate and glomerate form - IV and III grade specific clade. Therefore, we confirmed that the main characters the growth form and the anthocodial grade and formula, are important in identification of the species in dendronephthians despite some problems. Also, the relationships of the growth form are clarified as the glomerate form is much closer to the umbellate form than to the divaricate form based on two sets of independent molecular data. However, we cannot determine the molecular markers which limit the species boundaries among this genus with ITS sequences.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.268-271
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• 2004

In order to examine their effects on the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity in human breast cancer cells, MCF-7/ADR, one hundred Indonesian plant extracts were screened. Among them, the five chloroform extracts of Calotropis gigantea, Curcuma aeruginosa, Merremia mammosa, Sindora sumatrana, and Zingiber cassumunar, showed the most potent P-gp inhibitory activity. When each of these extracts was treated together with the anticancer agent, daunomycin, they increased the cytotoxic activity of daunomycin up to $IC_{50}$ values of less than $6.62\;{\mu}M$, which is a value with a positive control, verapamil. Also, other 15 plant extracts exhibited significant P-gp inhibitory activity with $IC_{50}$ values between 6.62 and $13.20\;{\mu}M$. These prospective samples will be subjected to further laboratory phytochemical investigation to find active principles.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2005

Impacts of Typhoon Maemi on a soft-coral community located on subtidal cliff at Munseom, Jeju were investigated in this study using underwater photography. Typhoon Maemi hit Jeju Island in late September 2003 and its impact was strong enough to destruct most shallow water sessile benthos including soft corals. To estimate numbers and size of soft-coral colonies, a line transect was installed on the cliff at depth from 3 to 9 m and photographs were taken serially by every 1m. From each $1{\times}1m$ underwater photograph, species and size of soft-coral colony was determined. Number of soft-coral colony and its Percent coverage (PC) in each $1m^2$ quadrat was calculated. Soft corals Scleronephthya gracillium, Dendronephthya gigantea, D. spinulosa and D. castanea were identified from the photographs. Dendronephthya sp. was mainly distributed at 3-6m while S. gracillimum was mostly occurred at $6{sim}9m$. A survey conducted before the typhoon showed that number of the soft-coral colonies at $3{\sim}4m,\;4{\sim}5m,\;5{\sim}6m,\;6{\sim}7m,\;7{\sim}8m\;and\;8{\sim}9m$ was 17, 24, 20, 23, 18 and 30 $colonies/m^2$ or 21, 48, 36, 28, 24 and 43%, respectively. After the typhoon, number of soft-coral colonies in the transect increased, 31, 35, 21, 10, 21 and 50 $colonies/m^2$ while PC was remarkably decreased as 21, 23, 21, 5, 9 and 13%, respectively. Our data suggested that the impact was limited in larger colonies; larger soft coral colonies were selectively destroyed and removed while the small colonies underneath the larger colonies remained undestroyed.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.147-154
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• 2005

A survey for vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) status was undertaken in three different industrially polluted sites at Uyyakondan channel of Senthanneerpuram area in Trichy, India. The soils and the effluents were acidic, and contained higher Zn (621 to 711 ppm) than the other heavy metals, such as Cu, Pb, and Ni. Eighteen plant species were collected from the rhizosphere soils, and 13 species were positive for VAM colonization. Fifteen VAM fungal species were isolated from the plant species. The number of VAM fungal spores from the soils ranged from 45 to 640 per 100 g of soil. There was a significant correlation observed between the number of spores and percentage root colonization, as exemplified by Acalypha indica (45 and 20%, respectively) and Paspalum vaginatum (640 and 98%, respectively). Hostspecific and site-specific associations were observed in site 2; particular VAM species, Gigaspora gigantea and Glomus fasciculatum, were specific to particular host plants, Phyllanthus maderaspatensis and A. indica, respectively, even though Eclipta prostrata and Physalis minima were maximally associated with 8 VAM species. G. fasciculatum was found in 11 plant species and predominant VAM species. These results led us to conclude that VAM fungi are associated with a majority of the plants in the industrial polluted sites and support the plants to survive in the acidic soils, polluted with heavy metals of the industrial effluents.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.21.1-21.8
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• 2018

In the present study, we first evaluated the melanin inhibitory effect of four crude 70% ethanol extracts separated from soft corals abundantly growing along the seawaters of Jeju Island, South Korea, including Dendronephthya castanea (DC), Dendronephthya gigantea (DG), Dendronephthya puetteri (DP), and Dendronephthya spinulosa (DS). Among the four ethanol extracts, the ethanol extract of DP (DPE) did not possess any cytotoxic effect on B16F10 cells. However, all other three extracts showed a cytotoxic effect. Also, DPE reduced the melanin content and the cellular tyrosinase activity without cytotoxicity, compared to the ${\alpha}-MSH$-stimulated B16F10 cells. Specifically, DPE downregulated the expression levels of tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor by activating the ERK signaling cascade in ${\alpha}-MSH$-stimulated B16F10 cells. Interestingly, the melanin inhibitory effect of DPE was abolished by the co-treatment of PD98059, an ERK inhibitor. According to these results, we suggest that DPE has whitening capacity with the melanin inhibitory effects by activating ERK signaling and could be used as a potential natural melanin inhibitor for cosmeceutical products.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.6 no.3_4
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• pp.101-111
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• 1973

To study the effect of freezing rate on the duality of frozen abalone(Haliotis gigantea, GMELIN) liquid nitrogen spray freezing, air blast freezing, semi-air blast freezing, and still air freezing were carried out. The rheological change, protein denaturation, and free water content of frozen and thawed abalone were examined at the period of 0, 1, 2, and 3 month during cold Storage at $-20^{\circ}C$. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The onset and duration of rigor mortis of fresh abalone was faster and shorter as compared to that of fishes. 2. There was no difference in compression value and shear value between freezing methods but they varied with a slight decrease in storage period. 3. Gradual decrease in extractibility of salt soluble protein was observed in all samples except those frozen with liquid nitrogen. 4. The free water of the foot muscle remained constant during the storage while that of the adductor muscle tended to increase. 5. A significant correlation was observed among the changes of panel texture and free water (P< 0.01), protein denaturation (P<0.05), and compression value (P<0.01).

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.215-228
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• 2008

This study was performed to find out the community structure of macrobenthos and the environmental factors around Munseom coastal water in Jeju Island from June to December, 2007. Mean temperature and mean salinity were $19.6^{\circ}C$ and 34.03 psu, indicating stable water masses. Concentrations of DO, COD and SS were as low as those in the standard sea-water-quality classes I. Chlorophyll a concentrations ranged from 0.40 to 1.09 mg/L (mean, 0.69 mg/L), and higher concentration was observed in December rather than in June due to a blooming in winter. The mean concentration (their ranges are in parentheses) of nitrate, phosphate, and silicate were 0.15 mg/L (0.073-0.264 mg/L), 0.01 mg/L (0.004-0.011 mg/L) and 0.23 mg/L (0.039-0.464 mg/L), respectively. The values were higher near the Munseom due to influxes from the land. Of the 112 species that were identified, 40 species (36.0%) were Mollusca; 33 (28.8%) were Cnidaria; 13 (11.7%) were Porifera; 8 (7.2%) were Arthropoda and 17 species (15.3%) were others including Echinodermata. Density and biomass were estimated to be 4,340 individual/$m^2$ and $53,107.8\;gwwt/m^2$ respectively. Anthozoa was the most dominant group in abundance ($2,132\;ind./m^2$) as well as in the number of species, whereas Cnidaria was predominant in biomass ($37,630.9\;gwwt/m^2$). The dominant species were Dendronephthya gigantea, Scleronephthya gracillimum, Anthoplexaura dimorpha, Dendronephthya castanea, Thecocarpus niger, Dendronephthya spinulosa, Dendronephthya putteri, and Acabaria bicolor in the depth of 10-30 m. The seasonal variations of the number of individual and biomass of Cnidaria and Mollusca were observed. There was a slow increment in June, a decrement in October, and a drastic increasing in December. The biodiversity, evenness and richness index in surveyed stations were 2.715-3.413 (H'), 0.758-0.851(E'), and 5.202-8.720 (R) respectively. The dominance index was the highest in station M2 and the lowest in station M1.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.5
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• pp.23-31
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• 1964

Six species of marine shell-fishes were subjects in this study. The content of RNA and DNA in mid-intestinal glands (liver) was determined and RNA was also extracted from above materials by phenol method and their nucleotide compositions were analysed by ion exchange column chromatography. C; citidylic acid, A; adenylic acid, G; guanylic acid, U; uridylic acid, Pu; purine nucleotide, Py; pyrimidine nucleotide 1) Their RNA and DNA content was summarized in the next table.(mg/100mg of lipid free powder) Materials RNA DNA RNA/DNA Meretrix meretrix Susoria (Gmelin) 6.82 0.82 6.5 Anadara(scapharea) inflata(Reeve) 4.62 0.70 6.6 Ostrea(crassostrea) gigas Thunberg 8.74 1.03 8.5 Turbo cornutus Solander 2.16 0.60 3.6 Haliotis gigantea Gmelin 7.02 0.22 36.0 2) Their RNA nucleatide compositions was summaries in following tabe. Materials/RNA nucleotide G+C/A+U G+U/A+C Pu/Py Meretrix meretrix Susoria(Gmelin) 1.12 1.36 1.08 Venerupis philippinarum (Adoms et Reeve) 1.15 1.31 1.13 Anadara(scapharea) inflata(Reeve) 0.97 1.26 1.02 Ostrea (crassostrea) gigas Thunberg 1.51 1.34 1.31 Turbo cornutus Solander 1.37 1.29 1.03 Haliotis gigantea Gmelin 1.33 1.46 1.22 In six species of marine fishes examined, Pu/Py and G+C/A+U ratios of RNA vary in respective wide ranges of 1.02-1.31, 0.97-1.51, while G+U/A+C ratio in the range of 1.26-1.46, not far from 1.3. This G+U/A+C ratio seems to be specific in this species.