• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권12호
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• pp.1303-1308
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• 2003

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, copper and lead) on the seed germination of Arabidopsis thaliana, and examinated the removal effects of biostone and green tea on the heavy metal toxicity. Cadmium and chromium among the four heavy metals had no effect on the seed germination even in the concentration fifty times higher than in the official standard concentration of pollutant exhaust notified by the Ministry of Environment. However, seeds were not germinated in the concentration of copper ten times higher and in the concentration of lead fifty times higher than the official standard concentration. When seeds were sown in the solutions of lead (15, 20, 25 and 30 mg/L) and copper(15 and 20 mg/L), the seed germination rates were 0％ and less than 10％, respectively. However, when biostone(3 g/30 $m\ell$) was added, the seed germination rate was 100％ in all the concentrations. The germination rate was 100％ in distilled water and copper solution (5 mg/L). However, green tea (0.2 g/30 $m\ell$) was added, the seed germination rate was 0％ in both. The results show that cadmiun and chromium had no effect on the seed germination, but lead and copper decreased the rate of seed germination of Arabidopsis thaliana, Biostone removed heavy metal toxicity, but green tea did not removed heavy metal toxicity during germination.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.187-193
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• 2010

Seed germination is a biological process that is affected by a variety of genetic and environmental factors. The cardinal temperature and thermal time are required for germination. The principal objective of this study was to identify and characterize variations in the base, optimum, and maximum germination temperatures of Haloxylon aphyllum L. from two seed sources, in order to establish models for use in predicting seeding dates. Mature H. aphyllum seeds were germinated at temperatures between 5 and $35^{\circ}C$. The germination behavior of H. aphyllum seeds to different temperature regimens in light was evaluated over a temperature range of $5-35^{\circ}C$ at intervals of $5^{\circ}C$. The rate of germination increased between base and optimum thermal conditions, and decreased between optimum and maximum thermal conditions; the germination rate varied in a linear fashion at both sub-optimal and supra-optimal temperatures. The linear regression fit the range of germination rates at $5^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ to $30^{\circ}C$, and thus the base temperature, optimum temperature, and maximum temperature for the germination of H. aphyllum were measured to be $0.6^{\circ}C$, $25.69^{\circ}C$, $37.90^{\circ}C$, and $1.76^{\circ}C$, $21.56^{\circ}C$, $37.90^{\circ}C$ for Qom and the Fars dune desert respectively.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.164-168
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• 2014

거머리말 종자의 적절한 저장 방법과 저장 가능한 기간을 알아보기 위하여 우리나라 남해안에서 채취한 거머리말 종자를 이용하여 다양한 저장 방법과 저장 기간 후 발아율을 조사하였다. 거머리말 종자의 저장 방법은 공기가 공급되는 실온의 해수, $4^{\circ}C$의 해수, $30^{\circ}C$의 해수, 해수가 공급되는 수조, 밀폐된 해수, 냉동, 건조의 방법으로 저장하였다. $4^{\circ}C$의 해수에 저장한 거머리말 종자의 발아율이 가장 높았으며(52.0%), 해수가 유입되는 수조와 실온에서 저장한 종자의 발아율은 각각 17.7%와 27.4%가 나타난 반면, 건조, 냉동한 종자와 $30^{\circ}C$의 해수에 보관한 종자는 전혀 발아하지 않았다. 거머리말 종자의 각 저장 기간은 10, 20, 30, 60, 180일과 240일 동안 저장하였다. 10~60일 동안 저장한 거머리말 종자는 46.4~52.4%의 발아율을 유지하였으나, 저장 기간이 길어질수록 급격히 발아율이 감소하여, 240일 저장한 거머리말은 전혀 발아되지 않았다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.79-95
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• 2015

To suggest ecological management plans for invasion of Salix gracilistyla, stepwise environmental sieve of seed dispersal, germination, seedling and juvenile stages were investigated. About 84% of total seeds were released between May 6 and 10. Germination rates significantly declined with decrease of light intensity from 100% to 30% and 0% (p<.001), but above 60% of seeds germinated in all treatments. Difference of germination rates with 0 and 2cm water level was not significant (p = .571). With increase of elapsed time after seed dispersal, germination rates significantly decreased (p<.001), and seed viability was lost within 16 days. Considering both germination rate of seed and survival rate of seedling, survival rate of all dispersed seeds was only 5% when 8 days passed after seed dispersal. All 22-day-old seedlings (height: 1cm) died under flooding of twice level as its height. With decrease of light intensity from 100% to 30%, survival rates of seedling decreased from 90% to 33% (p<.001). In the case of 45-day-old juvenile (height: 20cm), survival rate was 70% under the water level same as its height. There was significant interactive effect of water level and light intensity on the growth of juvenile (height: p<.001, dry weight: p<.01), and survival rate of juvenile was 10% under +20cm-water level and 30%-light intensity condition. The following management plans for invasion of S. gracilistyla are recommended from these results. (1) Dry condition should be maintained at fringe of wetlands for about two weeks at seed dispersal and germination stage (early May~mid May). (2) Water level should be raised to about 5cm at fringe of wetlands for about two weeks at seedling stage (mid May~early June). (3) Water level should be raised to over 20cm at fringe of wetlands for a long time at juvenile stage. Planting trees for shading can raise management effectiveness (mid June~). (4) As water level manipulating is performed as fast as possible for controlling seedling and juvenile, management become easier and more effective.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.438-443
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• 1999

여러 가지 수온과 광량 하에서 다시마 포자의 발아, 암배우체의 성장과 성숙, 그리고 어린 포자체의 성장을 조사하였고, 이 결과를 동남해안의 수온과 특성과 결부하여 해석하였다. 수온 $25^{\circ}C$에서 포자들은 전혀 발아하지 않았다. $5\~20^{\circ}C$에서의 발아율은 $70\~86\%$였다. $5\~20^{\circ}C$에서 포자의 발아율은 광량에 따라 달랐다. $150 {\mu}E{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$이하에서 배양한 포자의 발아율은 $70 {\mu}E{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$이하에서 배양한 포자의 발아율에 비해 낮았다. 암배우체는 $20^{\circ}C$에서 영양세포를 가장 많이 형성하였으나, 이 수온에서는 성숙하지 않았다. 수온 $5\~15^{\circ}C$에서는 광량이 증가할수록 영양세포의 생산량이 줄어들었으나, 성숙률은 오히려 높아졌다. 또한 수온이 낮아질수록 성숙률은 높아졌으나, 반면 영양세포의 생산량은 줄어들었다. 어린포자체의 성장에 대한 최적수온은 $10^{\circ}C$였으며, $70 {\mu}E{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$의 광량은 어린 포자체의 성장하기에 충분한 광량으로 판단되었다. 동남해안의 수온특성을 볼 때, 다시마의 지리적 분포를 벗어난 이 지역에서도 7월 이전에 방출된 포자는 배우체를 거쳐 어린 포자체로 발달할 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 조건 속에서도 자연 개체군이 존속할 수 없는 이유는 여름철 높은 수온에 의한 어린 포자체의 사망으로 요약할 수 있다.

• 한국육종학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.439-447
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• 2010

Riptortus clavatus, one of the many insects in major crops, damages pods and seeds, which reduces seed vigor and viability in soybeans. This study was conducted to examine the effect of diversely damaged seeds by R. clavatus on seed germination and seedling emergence and to determine the association of damaged seed with quality and yield of soybean sprouts. All seeds damaged by R. clavatus significantly (P<0.05) reduced seed vigor as measured by the rates of seed germination, germination speed, and seedling emergence. Mean seed germination rate of non-damaged seeds in sprout-soybean varieties was 97.8%, whereas the rates of seeds damaged at different levels, 31-50% and 51-80%, were 23.0 and 5.4%, respectively. The rates of seedling rot and abnormal, incomplete germination significantly (P<0.05) increased as the amount of seeds damaged by R. clavatus increased to 5, 10 and 15% against the total seeds for sprout production. Yield of soybean sprouts from seeds damaged at different levels decreased up to 13% as compared to that in normal seeds. In customer preferences on soybean sprout produce, 84% of customers participated in survey preferred to purchase sprouts from seeds with 5% of damaged seeds, but sprouts produced from seeds with 15% of damaged seeds were intended to purchase only by 22% of the customers. Areas of the seed damaged by R. clavatus were readily infected by pathogens as the seed germinated, resulted in deteriorated quality and reduced yield of sprout produce.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2003

발아율을 높이기 위하여 처리된 종자는 판매를 위하여 건조되어야만 한다. 본 연구는 파종전 처리된 박 종자의 발아율을 최상으로 유지하기 위한 건조방법을 강구하고자 용자대목과 궁합을 공시재료로 건조방법, 건조 및 발아 과정에서 처리되는 광질과 온도가 발아에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행되었던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 종자처리가 이루어진 박 종자는 $35^{\circ}C$에서 10시간 건조할 경우 처리 직전의 수분함량에 도달하였으며 건열 소독된 종자와 발아율에서는 차이가 없었다. 2) 파종전 처리된 박 종자는 암상태에서 건조하는 것보다는 적색광을 조사하면서 건조할 경우 초기발아율이 높았으며 적색광의 처리효과는 3개월 이상 지속되는 것으로 나타났다. 3) 적색광을 처리하면서 건조된 박 종자의 발아율은 발아과정에서 초적색광 처리로 현저히 억제된 반면, 적색광 또는 암상태에서는 치상 후 2일까지의 초기발아율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 4) 암상태보다는 적색광 처리를 통하여 건조된 박 종자의 발아율은 발아온도 10 또는 $20^{\circ}C$에 비하여 고온인 3$0^{\circ}C$에서 높은 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.292-298
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 새싹종자 소독처리 여부에 따른 재배기간별 미생물 오염도 수준을 파악하고, 종자소독이 발아율에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 수입산 새싹종자 알팔파(alfalfa), 브로콜리(broccoli), 클로버(clover), 적양배추(red cabbage), 적무(red radish) 5종에 대하여 소독제 처리 여부에 따른 발아율과 재배기간별 미생물 분석을 실시하였다. 소독제 종류에 관계없이 새싹종자(알팔파, 클로버, 적무)는 48시간 후 90% 이상 높은 발아율을 보였다. 종자 소독 시 식중독균은 검출되지 않았고, 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 낮은 미생물 수준을 보였으나, 발아과정에서 일반세균, 대장균군 모두 $10^7-10^8CFU/g$으로 종자소독 여부에 관계없이 종자에 비하여 유의하게 높은 오염 수준을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 또한 종자 소독하지 않은 클로버에서 Listeria monocytogenes 이 검출되었다. 따라서 새싹채소의 위생적인 안전성을 개선하기 위하여 미국 FDA 권고에 따라 재배전 종자의 소독이 필요하며, 발아과정의 HACCP 관리계획을 마련하여 중점적으로 관리하는 것이 필요하겠다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.138-145
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• 2016

To find the optimal propagation condition for endangered Cypripedium macranthos Sw., also known as lady's slipper orchid, the effect of various organic additives on in vitro germination, protocorm formation and seedling growth was investigated during asymbiotic seed culture. When $100ml{\cdot}L^{-1}$ coconut water was added to the basal medium, the highest germination rate and protocorm formation rate were achieved, with 70.8% and 74.2% respectively. Supplementation of phloem sap from birch tree or maple tree also showed a facilitating effect to improve the germination and protocorm development. With $100ml{\cdot}L^{-1}$ birch sap or maple sap, both the germination and protocorm formation rates were roughly more than 65% and 68%. The roots and buds of the seedlings grew vigorously in the medium containing $100ml{\cdot}L^{-1}$ coconut water or phloem sap, in particular, their bud formation rates increased by more than 70%. Addition of banana powder and peptone could not create a more significantly favorable culture condition, and non-addition had the worst results. Our results demonstrated that proper organic amendments such as coconut water and phloem sap might be preferred to in vitro germination and the growth of seedlings developed from the protocorm of C. macranthos Sw. during asymbiotic seed culture.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.113-123
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• 1995

This study was conducted to find out appropriate rates of seed mixture of both native and foreign plants in order for stabilization of early afforestation and proper vegetation on road slope. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Characteristics of germination : After seeding, 2 weeks for both Lespedeza bicolor and Lespedeza cuneata, and 4 weeks for both Arundinella hirta and Zoysia japonica were needed for vigorous germination, and 1-4 wee17s for 3 cool-season grasses were spent for gradual germination. 2. Plant height : There was no difference between Lespedeza cuneata and Lespedeza bicolor in plant height by 7 treatments. As mixture rates of cool-season grasses were lowered, plant height of Arundinella hirta became longer. Descending order of co81-season grasses for plant height was Tall fescue, Perennial ryegrass and Creeping redfescue. 3. Number of tillers : The number of tillers tended to increase in the experimental plots where competition was low. 4 Ground cover rate : Ground cover rate was the highest in Mixture IV (96.7%) and was fluctuated from 13.3% on Sept. 13 to 45% on Nev. 3 in Mixture III. Descending order of gronud cover rates in 7 treaments was Mixture IV, Mixture III. Mixture II, Mixture Ⅶ, Mixture V, Mixture Ⅵ, Mixture I, and Mixtur III when measured on Oct. 13 5. Visual assessment: High preferences were observed on Mixture IV and Ⅶ In sun the best seed mixtures were Mixture IV and Ⅶ. It meant that (1) either mixture of 70% the native plants with 30% cool-season graaes or (2) mixture of 80% the native plants with 20% cool-season glasses was best for this study.