• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.52 no.7
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• pp.27-44
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• 2002

The Folk-dress of some parts of the traditional style is extremely focused and puts value on protecting itself against changes. Generally rural areas are much more conservative politically economically, and culturally. Its environment is sluggish and slow and daily routines change slowly. So they take friendly a position between a race and geographical and environmental differences which is expressed in the Folk-dress. Also, a dress is the most preferred individual object as a symbol of collective homogeneity. By those people who preserve these kinds of the individual objects and by those people who have ethnic conservation, folk-dress was handed down to the present age and the festival dress was used as a tool of ethnic tradition and binding. Therefore, 1 would like to study and research the differences between the folk-dress of the Lithuanian historical and geographical factors and the folk-dress of the surrounding north-eastern European countries. Especially when we compare these with the folk-dress in terms of historical, cultural. and political relationships between Lithuania and the north-eastern European countries, we can find out that they had a good effect on the folk-dress historically and culturally.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.166-191
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• 2012

This paper investigates how the agent specificity of economic infrastructure-related public company proceeds in overseas investments. At first this paper examines general features focused on investment region, project type, starting year, and then analyzes overseas investments based on specific cases with three classifications which are composed of special consulting type that do not accompany capital investment, FDI type, and type of overseas energy resources development that go with capital investment and business risk. Finally nationality issues that is generated by agent characteristics of infrastructure public company are interpreted in perspective of duality which is financial pressure and dependency of host county's position, and relationship with private capital of home country.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.887-898
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• 2009

Conventional routing protocols proposed for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) cannot fully accommodate the characteristics of WSNs. In particular, although it is possible to largely obtain benefits in the solution of energy consumption and global identification problems through applying position information, there are few protocols that actively apply such position information. In the case of geographical and energy aware routing (GEAR) that is a typical algorithm, which uses position information, it does not fully represent the characteristics of WSNs because it is limited to forward query messages and assumed as fixed network environments. The routing protocols proposed in this paper defines the direction of data, which is routed based on the position information of individual and target nodes, in which each node configures its next hop based on this direction and routes signals. Because it performs data-centric routing using position information, it does not require certain global identifications in order to verify individual nodes and is able to avoid unnecessary energy consumption due to the forwarding of packets by defining its direction.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.21-35
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• 2007

In ad hoc networks, position-based routing schemes, that use geographical positions of nodes, have been proposed to efficiently route messages. In these routing schemes, the location service is one of the key elements that determines and effects security and efficiency of the protocol. In this paper, we define security threats of location service and propose a new quorum based location service protocol. In our proposed protocol, nodes register their public keys in other nodes during the initialization phase and these registered keys are used to verify locations of other nodes and the messages exchanged. In this paper, we prove that our protocol is robust against traditional attacks and new attacks that may occur due to the use of position-based routing. We also analyze the efficiency of our protocol using various simulations.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.802-821
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• 2003

This paper aims to illuminate how the Naturalists' concern on geography and geography education, mainly in Comenius, Rousseau, Pestalozzi who have played key roles in the development of Naturalism, has developed and how the Naturalism has influenced on the development of geography and geography education. Starting from sensual realism, the Naturalism suggested the educational principle and methods adjusting to the Nature well as exercised great influence on the formation of modem school education toward popular common education. The geography took the firm position as subject in the curriculum of the Naturalists and achieved the rationale of existence as subject in curriculum with utility to expand human experience, thanks to Naturalists. The Naturalists developed several ideas on geography teaching method such as labouring activity-centered geography teaching based on strengthening sense and experience by 'look-and-see' approach, local geography-centered geography teaching with stress the local area as the focus of direct experience and living environment, and the real thing-centered geography teaching by fieldwork. Moreover, The Naturalists had an great effect on the geographer, Karl Ritter in terms of methodology of geography.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.33 no.12B
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• pp.1075-1082
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• 2008

A greedy forwarding algorithm is one of the most suitable solutions for routing in vehicular ad-hoc networks. Compared to conventional routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks, greedy forwarding based routing protocols maintain only local information of neighbors instead of per-destination routing entries, and thus they show better performance in highly-mobile vehicular ad-hoc networks. With greedy forwarding, each node learns its geographical position and periodically broadcasts a beacon message including its position information. Based on the position information, each node selects a neighbor node located closest to the destination node as the next forwarder. One of the most serious problems in greedy forwarding is the lost link problem due to the mobility of nodes. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm to reduce the lost link problem. The proposed algorithm aims to find an efficient and stable routing path by taking account of the position of neighbors and the last beacon reception time. Our simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the legacy greedy algorithm and its variants.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.17-28
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• 2008

Rapid transmission of packets is important in mobile ad hoc networks. Therefore, a flooding algorithm which can guarantee a short delay is useful in various ways of packet transmission. Flooding algorithm is one of the packet transmission methods that broadcasts a packet to all nodes within a transmission range. It does not rebroadcast the same packet which is already received from other nodes. Basically, flooding algorithm's advantages are that it simply writes an address and a sequence number in a packet, and it can be adapted for topological changes easily. However, the basic flooding algorithm has a shortcoming that causes excessive traffic because all nodes transmit a packet at least once. To solve this problem, research about flooding algorithms that constrains duplicated transmission of packets based on probabilistic and geographical information is going on. However, the existing algorithm cannot guarantee short delay and low traffic. To reduce a delay, in this paper we propose a flooding scheme where a node which receives a broadcasted packet chooses and allocates a priority to one of its neighbor nodes and then the node transmits the packet promptly to the node to whom the priority was given. Moreover, we propose a totally fresh a roach to constrain duplicated transmission by searching a node that already received the same packet by using node's geographical position information. Lastly, we compare the performance of the proposed algorithm with the existing algorithm through simulation. The results show that the proposed algorithm can distribute packets through a lower number of total packet transmissions and faster delivery time than the existing algorithm.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40 no.5 s.110
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• pp.473-490
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• 2005

The term hybridity has recently emerged as one of the most popularized leitmotivs in contemporary diasporic and transnational problematics on migrants' nomadic experiences. Especially, in postcolonial politics, hybridity is argued to provide a critical 'third space' on which to challenge discursive boundaries and redescribe power-embedded history However, this paper suggests that the hybrid subject position can be easily articulated in producing new cultural discourse and empowering hegemonic subjects in certain spates. Based on distinguishing the intentional, conscious hybridity from the organic, lived hybridity, this research Intends to investigate the Janus-faced, double-edged nature of the postcolonial politics of hybridity in the case of Los Angeles Koreatown. First, I discuss how a place of organic hybridity in Koreatown can lead to challenging invented and depoliticized ethnicity. At the second half of this paper, 1 focus on understanding the ways in which new Korean American professionals and elites employ the discourse of '1.5 generation' as an intentional hybridity for empowering their own political position at a local scale. I conclusively suggest that hybridity should be a deconstructive strategy to unlearn dominant socio-spatial boundaries rather than bring about the third space as a reterritorialized political position.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.33-46
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• 2012

The purpose of this study lies on reinterpreting the geography books in Joseon dynasty as records of the cities and consequently suggesting directions for further urban research. Geography books of Joseon dynasty are valuable references to understand the national policy, and imply that the focus of the contents is on the system. Especially, military system is an important concept to understand city type in that period, relationships between cities, selection of location, etc. The results of review are as following: First, military system is not a permanent fixture and therefore reflects changes in urban policies along with the history. The system suggests valuable clues on urban development as it is state-run, and closely associated with national land development. Second, counties and prefectures under jurisdiction of district called Eupchi(邑治) had cities as important as or even more important than local government such as Yeong-a(營衙), Jinbo(鎭堡), Yeok(驛: administrative cities). Such special regions need to be studied as other type of cities in Joseon dynasty by defining their architectural characteristics and roles. Third, the relationship of cities such as Eupch, Yeong-a, and Jinbo, was reorganized according to the local military system. Eupchi, administrative city, along with Yeong-a and Jinbo evolved into a military city as it became systematically organized. The characteristics of Yeok needs to be reconsidered in the context of such new inter-city relationship. Fourth, considerations which should be reviewed in the geography based on this concept can be mainly classified into architecture and landscape. This will also lay the foundation, and suggest new directions for further research for Eupchi, Yeong-a, Jinbo, and Yeok. Fifth, description of the geography looks simple at first sight, but with thorough understating on the system, there are chances to interpret objective reasoning of position and landscape in the overall flow of region, area, etc. Bongsu(烽燧), signal-fire, can be an object of comparison with geographical features and position. Furthermore, advantageous position is a historical and geographical element showing the major context of the region.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.297-306
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• 2003

As the competition in the liner shipping industry is becoming fiercer, the shipping company is trying to find the way to keep the best competitive position by reducing the cost level as low as possible and offering the best quality of service to their customer. In order to achieve this goal, the selection of port and terminal that have the best quality of service and cost effective structure is essential for the shipping line, where they can only have a chance to save the money. In this context, the paper compares three European container terminals in order to understand the factors that have to be considered in the decision making process for the selection of terminal. And its advantages and disadvantages of each type of container terminal operation system were analyzed from the liner shipping company's point of view in terms of cost, time, flexibility, stability, hinterland connection, geographical position and terminal productivity. It is obvious that the cost factors are very important for liner shipping company to select their terminal. However, there might be even more important factors than the cost factors, such as quality of port and terminal service, mutual trust, and possibility of future development.