• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.123-132
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• 2015

In this study, we carried out quantification analysis of the six marker components, geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid, geniposide, pinoresinol diglucoside, liriodendrin, and genipin in the 70% ethanol extracts of non-processed Eucommiae Cortex and processed Eucommiae Cortex using a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector. The six components were separated on Gemini C₁₈ column (5 μm, 4.6×250 mm) by the gradient elution with 1.0% (v/v) acetic acid in water and 1.0% (v/v) acetic acid in acetonitrile as mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the injection volume was 10 mL. The amount of geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid, geniposide, pinoresinol diglucoside, liriodendrin, and genipin in non-processed Eucommiae Cortex were 1.31, 0.31, 0.66, 0.46, 0.46, and 0.03%, respectively, while the amount of the six compounds in non-processed Eucommiae Cortex were 0.04-0.78, 0.01-0.14%, 0.05-0.63%, 0.01-0.37%, 0.15-0.42%, and not detected, respectively. After processing treatment, the contents of three iridoids, two lingnan, and one phenylpropanoid decreased in Eucommiae Cortex.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.293-298
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• 2013

Hwangryunhaedok-tang (HRT) is a traditional herbal medicine, which has been known as a useful prescription for anti-biotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and immunosuppressive activity. In this study, the variation in the amount of eight bioactive components of Hwangryunhaedok-tang (HRT) and its fermentation HRT with Lactobacillus casei KFRI 127, Lactobacillus curvatus KFRI 166 and Lactobacillus confuses KFRI 227 was investigated via high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of eight bioactive components; geniposide, genipin, baicalin, wogonoside, palmatine, berberine, baicalein and wogonin was achieved by comparing their retention times ($t_R$) and UV spectra with those of the standard components. All calibration curve of standard components showed good linearity ($r^2$ >0.979). As a result, the geniposide amount was $15.52{\pm}0.19{\mu}/mg$ that as a main components in HRT. The wogonoside was decreased by 29.28~58.35% with Lactobacillus casei KFRI 127 and L. confuses KFRI 227 ($3.17{\pm}0.31{\mu}g/mg$ and $3.55{\pm}0.13{\mu}g/mg$) compared with the original HRT ($5.02{\pm}0.14{\mu}g/mg$). Otherwise wogonin was increased by 16.28~41.86% with Lactobacillus casei KFRI 127 and L. confuses KFRI 227 ($0.61{\pm}0.01{\mu}g/mg$ and $0.50{\pm}0.02{\mu}g/mg$) compared with the original HRT($0.43{\pm}0.00{\mu}g/mg$). HRT fermented with L. casei KFRI 127 and L. confuses KFRI 227 were evaluated as creating the changes in wogonoside to that aglycon wogonine. In the fermented HRT using Lactobacillus acidophilus KFRI 166, the genipin was only detected, among 3 species of fermentation strains. Thus, these results considered that the strains 166 were exhibited the remarkable changes in genipin.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.455-464
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• 2020

Background and objective: This study was conducted to examine changes in the composition and physiological activity of Gardenia Fructus after being roasted. Methods: The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity of Gardenia Fructus was evaluated using the Gardenia Fructus (GF) and roasted Gardenia Fructus (RGF) ethanol extracts, and their components were analyzed through HPLC. Results: As a result, it was confirmed that the content of gardenoside and geniposide decreased and the content of genipin increased when GF was roasted. The total content of polyphenols was 54.5 ± 2.18 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of the GF extract and 69.6 ± 0.36 mg GAE per gram of the RGF extract. As a result of evaluating 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, both the GF and RGF extracts showed the similar activity to ascorbic acid at the concentrations of 1 mg/mL or higher. In RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the RGF extract showed a higher effect of reducing NO production, and significantly reduced the expression of an inflammatory cytokine, IL-6. As a result of evaluating the antimicrobial activity, the RGF extract showed higher antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. In the dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) induced inflammatory bowel disease mouse model, the RGF extract reduced the weight of the spleen, and both the GF and RGF extracts reduced the number of bacteria in the colon. Conclusion: Therefore, it has been confirmed through this study that roasting at a high temperature changes the main components of the GF extract and increases its biological activity. The RGF extract is expected to be used as a natural material with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.190.1-190.1
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• 2003

A bioassay-guided fractionation of the stem bark extract of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (Eucommiaceae) led to the isolation of three iridoid constituents, genipin (1), geniposide (3), geniposidic acid (4) as well as (${\pm}$)-guaiacylglycerol (2) and fatty acid mixtures as active ingredients of the extract responsible for the antitumoral property. The EtOAc soluble part and BuOH soluble part of the extract demonstrated a significant inhibition on the proliferation of cultured human tumor cells such as A549 (non small cell lung), SK-OV-3 (ovary), SK-MEL-2 (melanoma), XF498 (central nerve system) and HCT-15 (colon) in vitro, whereas the remaining water soluble part exhibited a poor inhibition. (omitted)

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.79-83
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• 2010

This study manufactured hydrogel, which was contained NSAIDs(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) Ketorolac tromethamine and hydrolyzed products of gardeniae fructus extract, and experimented viscosity, surface tension, tensile strength and bio-adhesiveness by using hairless mouse. Thus, it was performed in expectation for being probably able to develop as effective auxiliary agent of periodontal disease after non-surgical or surgical periodontal treatment. As a result, the following conclusions were obtained. 1. Out of KGE and KGH gel materials, the content of ketorolac tromethamine was 1.02~0.97%. The content of geniposide was 0.34% in KGE gel A and C. However, it got lower to 0.11% in KGH gel B and D. The content of genipin wasn't shown in KGE gel A and C, but was shown with 0.13% in KGH gel B and D. 2. As for viscosity according to temperature in gel material, the gel, which used independently Carbopol 940 as gel inoculant, maintained the higher viscosity than the gel, which added Poloxamer 407. The surface tension in each material showed 34.77~40.58 dyne/cm at 37. As for tensile strength in material, KGH gel B was shown the higher tensile strength in about 3.5 times compared to the control group. 3. As for bio-adhesiveness, the back-skin upper part(epidermis) and abdomen skin were shown to be 50.62 N in KGH gel B, thereby having indicated higher value in about 5 times compared to control group. The back-skin lower part(dermis) and abdomen skin were shown to be 35.93 N in KGH gel B, thereby having indicated higher value in about 3.5 times compared to control group.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.271-277
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• 2007

Natural pigments have many applications like colouring agent, pigments, food additives, and antiseptics. At present, instead of synthetic pigments that have contributed to the development of industry, many kinds of natural pigments have been developed. The constituents of gardenia fruits, Gardenia jasminoides ELLIS, are traditionally known as herb medicine and natural dyes/pigments due to the customer is needs. The fruits produce yellow carotenoid pigments and iridoid compounds. The two main components in the yellow pigments are called crocin and crocetin. The extraction mode of yellow pigment from Gardenia is depended upon the extraction time, temperature, and volume of solvent. Red pigments or blue pigments formed from geniposide and amino acids have been reported a lot. Geniposide, the principal iridoid glucoside contained in gardenia fruit, was hydrolyzed to genipinic acid or genipin as a precursor for the pigment by enzymatic or chemical reaction. These red or blue pigments prepared with materials hydrolyzed of geniposide and amino acid and had properties governed by the electrostatic character of the amino acid. The pigments showed good stability to heat and pH but were gradually bleached by light while the other natural pigments are unstable in light, heat, acid, and base solution. The safety of the pigments was considered to be of little virulences in comparison to synthetic pigments.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.113-117
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• 2005

After producing 4 kinds of hydrogel materials by mixing the composite preparation in Gardeniae Fructus extracts with ketorolac tromethamine, which is NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), through the experiment of measurement in the tensile strength, in the skin permeation, and in the periodontal-pocket reduction rate, the following conclusions were obtained. 1. The tensile strength of a drug indicated the tensile strength 3.5-fold higher compared to the control group, in KGH gel B. 2. The skin-permeation volume in ketorolac tromethamine was highest with $105.62{\mu}m/cm^2$ in KGH gel B for 8 hours, and the permeation volume in geniposide was relatively high with $73.8{\mu}m/cm^2$ in KGE gel A, but the permeation volume in genipin, which is the hydrolysis, represented the highest permeation amount with $50.17{\mu}m/cm^2$ in KGH gel B. 3. In terms of the periodontal-pocket reduction rate, after 4 weeks, KGE gel A showed the falling rate of 23.85% compared to the control group, but did not indicate the significant difference, and KGH gel B represented the reduction rate of 29.46% compared to the control group, thus it indicated the significantly treatment effect.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1109-1114
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• 2008

To understand the role of intestinal microflora in the biological effect of functional herbs, which have been used in Korea, Japan, and China as traditional medicines, and suggest new bioactive compounds transformed from herbal constituents, the metabolic activities of the functional herb components (ginsenoside Rb1, crocin, amygdalin, geniposide, puerarin, ginsenoside Re, poncirin, hesperidin, glycyrrhizin, and baicalin) toward their bioactive compounds (compound K, crocetin, benzaldehyde, genipin, daidzein, ginsenoside Rh1, ponciretin, hesperetin, 18b-glycyrrhetic acid, and baicalein) were measured in fecal specimens. The metabolic activities of these components were $882.7{\pm}814.5$, $3,938.1{\pm}2,700.8$, $2,375.5{\pm}913.7$, $1,179.4{\pm}795.7$, $24.6{\pm}10.5$, $11.4{\pm}10.8$, $578.8{\pm}206.1$, $1,150.0{\pm}266.1$, $47.3{\pm}58.6$, and $12,253.0{\pm}6,527.6\;{\mu}mol/h/g$, respectively. No differences were found in the metabolic activities of the tested components between males and females, although these metabolic activities between individuals are extensively different. The metabolites of functional herb components showed more potent cytotoxicity against tumor cells than nonmetabolites. These findings suggest that intestinal microflora may activate the pharmacological effect of herbal food and medicines and must be the biocatalytic converter for the transformation of herbal components to bioactive compounds.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.257-264
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• 2009

Gardenia yellow, extracted from gardenia fruit, has been widely used as a coloring agent for foods, and thus, safety of its usage is of prime importance. In the current study, short-term genotoxicity assays were conducted to evaluate the potential genotoxic effects of gardenia yellow. The gardenia yellow used was found to contain 0.057 mg/g of genipin, a known biologically active compound of the gardenia fruit extract. Ames test did not reveal any positive results. No clastogenicity was detected by a chromosomal aberration test, even on evaluation at the highest feasible concentration of gardenia yellow. Gardenia yellow was also shown to be non-genotoxic using an in vitro comet assay and a micronucleus test with L5178Y cells, although a marginal increase in DNA damage and micronuclei frequency was reported in the respective assays. Additionally, in vivo micronucleus test results clearly demonstrated that oral administration of gardenia yellow did not induce micronuclei formation in the bone marrow cells of male ICR mice. Taken together, our results indicate that gardenia yellow is not mutagenic to bacterial cells, and that it does not cause chromosomal damage in mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1147-1151
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• 2001

We investigated stabilities of blue pigment extracted from Gardenia jasminoides at various conditions to check its applicability for beverages. Gardenia blue pigment with maximum absorption at 587 nm was obtained from the reaction of glycine and genipin (aglycone of geniposide). The blue pigment was found to be relatively unstable at acidic pH but very stable at alkaline conditions with half-life values of 102 days and 126 days at PH 9.0 and PH 11.0, respectively. The pigment also showed high thermal stability with half-life value of 55, 18, and 2 days at 50, 70, and 9$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. The addition of inorganic ions, sugars, and amino acids to model beverage containing this blue pigment increased retention rate at room temperature while addition of vitamin C decreased the stability. The sensory evaluation of the model beverage showed that inorganic ions and amino acids increased overall acceptability, indicating that the blue pigments of Gardenia jasminoides can be used as a natural colorant for leverage.