• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.37-53
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• 1994

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of a component model of gender role and differences in children's gender concepts with age and sex. The secondary purpose was to investigate the relationship between children's gender schema and memory as well as preference for gender related task. 181 children were interviewed about gender concepts and gender related tasks. Results indicated that three dimensions of the component model (i. e., gender label-component links, within-component links, between-component links) were significantly related to each other. The mean scores of gender role knowledge and attitude were different with age but not with sex. The results of the regression analysis showed that children's age, sex, and gender role attitude explained both memory and preference for gender related tasks. The component model had better explanatory power than the simple model. The findings of the present study suggest that children's gender concepts are better described in terms of the component model than the simple model and may contribute to a theoretical rationale for gender schema theory.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.641-651
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• 2023

Malicious hate speech and gender bias comments are common in online communities, causing social problems in our society. Gender bias and hate speech detection has been investigated. However, it is difficult because there are diverse ways to express them in words. To solve this problem, we attempted to detect malicious comments in a Korean hate speech dataset constructed in 2020. We explored bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT)-based deep learning models utilizing hyperparameter tuning, data sampling, and logits ensembles with a label distribution. We evaluated our model in Kaggle competitions for gender bias, general bias, and hate speech detection. For gender bias detection, an F1-score of 0.7711 was achieved using an ensemble of the Soongsil-BERT and KcELECTRA models. The general bias task included the gender bias task, and the ensemble model achieved the best F1-score of 0.7166.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.43
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• pp.76-105
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• 2000

In the last two decades, the welfare states have undergone the changes of restructuring towards two ways. One is a restructuring of workfare and the other is a restructuring of the gender model of welfare state. In Korea, the workfare is reflecting on the DJ Welfarism 'Productive Welfare', but the gender model has a little effect on the public policies. By the way, It is imported that has the gender perspective in approaching the self-supporting program in the public assistance representing of the DJ Welfarism. Because almost 60% of the beneficiaries of the program are women. The Gender-mainstreaming strategy criticizes for the laws, the public policies, the public programs that considered gender-neutral or gender-blinded, and then complete the equality between women and men through the modification or development of those. The approach of Gender-mainstreaming is very important strategy for not only women who are self-reliance recipient but also successful settlement of self-supporting program. Nowadays that program is not execute yet. Then we hardly have information about recipients and the results that expected from that. At this point of gender-mainstreaming, this report suggest the strategy to development and settlement of the self-supporting program in the basics of analysis for the low-income unemployed and the government policy response to unemployment. For the gender models of the self-supporting program, the most important thing is throwing the male breadwinner model and adoption the dural-earner model (the gender model) about that program. Then we must produce gender-statistics data, develop programs for public work, job replacement, job training, evaluating system, etc. with gender perspective.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.47-58
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between children's gender role attitude measured by component model and social competency. Subjects were 232 elementary school children: 113 4th graders and 119 6th graders. The main results were as follows. First there were significant differences in mean scores of gender role attitude with age and sex variable. And among three dimensions of component model(i.e, gender label-component links within-component links between-component links) the difference was most discriminant in gender label-component links. Second there were significant relationship between gender role attitude and social competency. Among three dimensions of gender role attitude the most predictor variable for social competency was gender label-component links. And among four dimensions of social competency the most effective criterion variable for gender role attitude was leadership. And there were significant differences in social competency score with mother's educational level and sex of children as well as gender role attitude. In conclusion children's gender role attitude influence their social competency. More flexible gender role attitude they have more improved in their social competency , especially in boys.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.105-117
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to (1) establish a Korean adult normative database for phonatory aerodynamic measures obtained with the KayPENTAX Phonatory Aerodynamic System (PAS) Model 6600, (2) investigate the intra-subject reliability of these measures across three testing sessions, and (3) examine the effect of gender on those measures. 170 healthy normal speakers (70 men and 100 women) between the ages 18 and 49 years participated in the study. The PAS protocol of maximum phonation and voicing efficiency were conducted and 25 measures were obtained. All aerodynamic measures taken in this study demonstrated high intra-subject reliability in clinical aspect. There were no significant effect of gender in the measures related to sound pressure and subglottal pressure. However, significant differences for gender were found for phonation time, airflow rate, expiratory volume, aerodynamic power, SPL range, pitch range, mean pitch, aerodynamic resistance, and aerodynamic efficiency. Clinicians should be aware of significant gender effects in some aerodynamic parameters when interpreting the data obtained from PAS.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.65-81
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to investigate children's conceptions about gender and the relation between gender conceptions and preference for gender related tasks. 130 children were interviewed about gender and gender related tasks. Data were analyzed with the component model of gender schema. Results indicated that children's gender schema in the attitudes domain was significantly different with age in all components but not different with sex. The gender schema in the knowledge domain was significantly different with age in within component and between component links, and with sex in the gender label-component and within component links. The difference between the gender inhibitory score and gender facilitative score was significantly different with age, sex, and children's gender schema. The findings that gender schema influenced the children's preferences for gender related tasks suggests a theoretical rationale of gender schema theory.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.445-453
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• 2019

Gender might be interpreted in different roles and meanings depending on social and cultural backgrounds. Based on the premise that understanding of gender may change the direction of mathematics education, this paper confirmed how gender is interpreted in the preceding study of mathematics education in Korea by applying the literature research method. In particular, predictive model based on empirical perspective and gender schema model based on constructivist perspective. Based on the analysis of gender and research methods in cultural and historical composition models based on historical perspectives and postmodernism models based on postmodernism perspectives, this study analyzed trends in domestic mathematics education. As a result of the analysis, it is confirmed that gender is recognized as a biological difference in domestic mathematics education, and that analysis of gender and related elements of mathematics education is mainly used using statistical analysis techniques. This suggests that various approaches to interpreting gender's role in future mathematics education are needed. The existing mathematics education research on gender is composed in terms of gender differences. Since biology at the time did not explain this difference, however, it should now be based on the concept of gender, which is socially defined gender. Accurate understanding of gender and gender can be the basis for clearer understanding and interpretation of gender-related mathematics research.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.31-40
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• 2014

The purpose of the study was to examine model postures at fashion shows with respect to expressing fashion images including elegance and neutral-gender images. Data were gathered from the fashion shows held 2000 S/S through 2009 F/W, when elegance and neutral-gender fashion images were obvious in fashion collections. Three designer brands representing elegance and neutral-gender fashion images were selected by the researcher and fashion specialists including graduate students majoring in fashion. The fashion collection photos representing each image were selected from style.com, a website which contains four world's biggest fashion collections. The results showed different hand positions as a model posture according to fashion images. In the neutral-gender image, 16 photos (47%) showed a hand position at pockets, in the elegance image, 24 photos (82.3%) showed a hand position laying down by the sides. Also, walking pose was shown to be different between two fashion images. In the neutral-gender fashion image, 16 photos (52.9%) revealed a pose of 'natural walk', while 29 photos (100%) showed a pose of 'walk in a straight line' in the elegance imaged fashion. In conclusion, the neutral-gender image photos showed the pocket-positioned hand and the 'natural walk' poses more than elegance image photos, and elegance image photos revealed the hand position laying down by the sides and the 'walk in a straight line' poses than the photos of the neutral-gender image.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.807-812
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• 2005

The objective of this study is to empirically investigate the effect of gender discrimination to female workers in Korean shipping firms on the their organization commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. In carrying out the objective of this study, two hypotheses about the structural relationship among gender discrimination, organization commitment and organizational citizenship behaviors in the Korean shipping firms are established after reviewing the related studies. Survey questionnaires are distributed and analyzed to test the reliability and validity of the response. Also, a structural equation model is established and the model is analyzed by AMOS. In conclusion, there are a negative effect of gender discrimination on female workers' organizational commitment and a positive effect of their commitment on OCB. Through this paper, the comprehensive understanding of the structural relationship among gender discrimination, organization commitment and organizational citizenship behavior would be promoted.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.189-197
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate about the effects of parental rearing behavior on self-esteem and gender role stereotype during adolescence and to reveal the mediating effect of self-esteem on adolescents' gender role strerotype. Also investigated the relationship among these variables and condition variables. For this purpose, used the Second Grade longitudianl Panel data of Middle School from the Korea Youth Panel Survay(KYPS). And the latent growth model was analyzed 3,449 men and women adolescents' cases of the first, the fourth and the sixth wave of the Korea Youth Panel Survey(KYPS) administered by Korea Institute for Youth development. And the structural equation model was used to investigate whether self-esteem mediates parental rearing behavior and male and female gender role Strerotype. The results of this study, the direct effect between variable factors showed that the more positive the parenting behavior of the second grader of middle school is, the more positive the self-esteem of male adolescents and the initial value of stereotypes of male gender role. It also affects the self-esteem of female adolescents and stereotypes of female gender roles but not statistically significant. The male gender role stereotypes were decreased in influence by the rate of change of parental rearing behaviors, and the initial value and the rate of change of self-esteem were statistically influenced to the male gender role stereotypes and the higher the self-esteem, the higher the self-esteem. However, there was no significant effect on stereotypes of female gender roles. As a result of analyzing the mediating effect of self-esteem, partially mediated between the initial value of parental rearing behavior and initial stereotype of male gender role, but there was no longitudinal mediation effect. There was no mediating effect of self-esteem between parental rearing behaviors and stereotypes of female gender roles and there was no longitudinal mediation effect. The effect of condition variable gender was found that female adolescents are more affected by paretal rearing behavior than male adolescents and also affected by the growth process. The monthly income of households influenced the initial value of parental rearing behaviors and showed a difference in parental rearing behavior according to household income. And the higher the mother 's educational level, the more the self-esteem of male adolescents was affected.