• 동아시아경상학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.71-80
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• 2023

Purpose - The pandemic has magnified and deepened existing socioeconomic disparities, including healthcare, education, income, gender, and housing. This study aims to examine the intersectionality of these disparities and their implications for promoting equity and justice. Research design, data, and methodology - This study is a comprehensive review of the literature on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on socioeconomic disparities. The review includes empirical studies, policy reports, and academic articles on healthcare, education, income, gender, and housing disparities. Result - The pandemic has exposed significant disparities in healthcare, education, income, gender, and housing. Healthcare disparities have been highlighted, and there is a need for more equitable access to care and addressing social determinants of health. Educational and income disparities are closely linked, perpetuating cycles of poverty and inequality. Gender disparities have been exacerbated, with women experiencing disproportionate impacts on their health, well-being, and economic security. The pandemic has highlighted the need for safe, stable, and affordable housing. Conclusion - The pandemic has brought to light numerous socioeconomic disparities that require systemic change to address. Promoting equity and justice requires a comprehensive, long-term approach that addresses systemic factors and promotes social and economic equity. By taking action to address these issues, we can create a more just and equitable society that promotes the health and well-being of all its members.

• 한국인구학
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.181-209
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• 2012

고용형태와 성별은 건강의 차이를 만들어낼 수 있는 한국사회의 주요 계층 요인들이다. 기존 연구들이 고용형태와 성별에 따른 건강 격차의 존재를 검토해 왔으나 이러한 격차를 어떻게 효과적으로 감소시킬 수 있는지에 대한 연구는 거의 없었다. 본 연구의 목적은 고용형태와 성별을 동시에 고려한 집단들 사이에서 건강 불평등의 양상을 확인하는 한편, 그러한 불평등을 효과적으로 완화시킬 가능성이 있는 건강 자원을 탐색하는 것이다. 본 연구는 2011년 한국 성인에 대한 전국 대표 표본 조사인 한국건강불평등실태조사 자료를 이용한 통계분석을 통해 고용-성별 집단과 각 건강자원의 상호작용 효과를 확인한다. 건강 척도로는 주관적 건강인식이 사용되며, 건강자원으로는 네 가지 차원(사회적 관계, 심리적 자원, 활동요인, 의료서비스 이용)의 총 19개 변수가 포괄적으로 고려된다. 결과를 요약하면, 첫째, 정규직 남성에 비해 나머지 세 고용-성별 집단이 자신의 건강을 더 좋지 않게 평가한다. 둘째, 이러한 건강 격차를 효과적으로 줄일 수 있는 가능성이 높은 자원은 각 집단별로 다르다. 가장 건강을 열악하게 평가한 비정규직 여성에게 효과적일 가능성이 높은 자원은 자녀와의 원만한 관계이다. 비정규직 남성 집단에 효과적일 가능성이 높은 자원은 부모 혹은 형제자매와의 원만한 관계, 낮은 스트레스, 종교활동 참여이다. 마지막으로, 정규직 여성에게 효과적일 가능성이 높은 자원은 대인신뢰이다. 본 연구의 실천적 함의는 건강에 영향이 있는 것으로 알려진 자원을 모든 이에게 무차별적으로 강조하는 것이 아니라 특정 집단의 건강 향상을 위해 특히 효과적인 자원에 초점을 맞춰 개인적 정책적 실천을 도모할 필요성을 제기한 점이다. 현재처럼 계층집단의 차이를 고려하지 않는 일반 대중에 대한 보건 정책은 비효율적일 수 있으며, 낮은 계층의 건강을 위해서는 그들의 여건을 고려한 맞춤형 정책이 필요하다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.623-627
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• 2014

Background: Esophagus cancer (EC) is among the five most common cancers in both sexes in Iran, with an incidence rate well above world average. Social rank (SR) of individuals and regions are well-known independent predictors of EC incidence. The aim of current study was to assess gender and social disparities in EC incidence across Iran's provinces through 2003-2009. Materials and Methods: Data on distribution of population at province level were obtained from the Statistical Centre of Iran. Age-standardized incidence rates of EC were gathered from the National Cancer Registry. The Human Development Index (HDI) was used to assess the province social rank. Rate ratios and Kunst and Mackenbach relative indices of inequality ($RII_{KM}$) were used to assess gender and social inequalities, respectively. Annual percentage change (APC) was calculated using joinpoint regression. Results: EC incidence rate increased 4.6% and 6.5% per year among females and males, respectively. There were no gender disparities in EC incidence over the study period. There were substantial social disparities in favor of better-off provinces in Iran. These social disparities were generally the same between males and females and were stable over the study period. Conclusions: The results showed an inverse association between the provinces' social rank and EC incidence rate in Iran. In addition, I found that, in contrast with international trends, women are at the same risk of EC as men in Iran. Further investigations are needed to explain these disparities in EC incidence across the provinces.

• Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2017

This study aims to investigate gender differences in the use of ICT by the students of urban schools. The objectives of the study are to find out the use of computers and Internet by the students and also the problems encountered by them while using computers and Internet. The study found that there is a significant association between the place (p=.005) and frequency (p=.002) of use of computers and gender. It is also found that there are significant differences in the problems faced by students while using computers (p=.002), use of Internet (p=.004), and the gender. This clearly indicates that there exists a gender disparity in the use of ICT by the male and female students in the urban schools. In order to overcome this disparity, the school authority should provide the basic and necessary ICT infrastructure in schools which can be equally used by male and female students.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.130-156
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• 2008

This review paper is to provide theoretical background and empirical evidence for gender sensitive health policy in Korea. We explore how sex and gender are implicated in health disparities. After reviewing major concepts regarding sex, gender, and health, the study moves on to describe the ways in which gender interacts with other social determinants (socioeconomic position, workplace, stress, social support, and violation) to show disparate health outcomes. Next, suggested health models considering gender and social process are introduced. The article concludes by suggesting the necessity of gender sensitive policy consorted with social programs in tackling health equity.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.151-158
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• 2022

Even after three decades of economic reforms, India's labor market is characterized by stark inter-gender differences in terms of both participation rate and working time. Identification of the causes is necessary to remove the disparity and unequal sharing of economic opportunities to make way for women's empowerment. This research attempts in that direction, examining the prevalence of these inequities in rural areas of North-East Indian states using unit-level data from the 2017-18 Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS). The methodology for the estimation here is based on Blinder- Oaxaca decomposition method after correcting for sample bias forwarded by Heckman. The analysis shows that in both labor force participation and the wage gap, the females in the region lag behind their male counterparts by a huge margin. Further, the analysis shows that one of the main factors leading to the difference is the disparities in human capital assets. On top of female educational enrollment being low, there is also a huge lack of higher educational attainment, while males have accomplished much better in both the parameters. Moreover, the presence of social stigma against women working and discrimination put the female labor outcomes in a gloomy state.

• 웰빙융합연구
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.55-65
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• 2024

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the status and realities of mental health counseling experiences among adults using the 2022 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHNES) data. The goal is to provide policy recommendations for enhancing mental health services. Research Methods: Utilizing secondary data analysis of the 2022 survey conducted by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency(KDCPA), this study applied statistical techniques including descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression to evaluate counseling experiences based on age, gender, residential area, and income levels. Results: The study included 5,256 participants, with the highest proportion being those aged 60-69 (21.3%) and the lowest aged 19-29 (11.7%). Females constituted 56.5% of the sample, while males made up 43.5%. Older adults (60-69 and 70+) had significantly lower counseling experience rates compared to younger adults (19-29). Females had higher counseling experience rates than males, indicating gender differences in mental health service utilization. Urban residents had higher counseling experience rates than rural residents, suggesting better access to mental health services in urban areas. Lower income levels were associated with higher counseling experience rates, highlighting the need for targeted mental health support for economically disadvantaged groups. Conclusions: The study recommends developing age-specific, gender-sensitive, and regionally tailored mental health programs to improve accessibility and effectiveness. Additionally, policies should focus on enhancing mental health support for low-income individuals to address the socioeconomic disparities in mental health service utilization.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.285-294
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• 2015

Background: Suicide is one of important health problems in Korea. Previous studies showed factors associated with suicide in individual levels. However, suicide was influenced by society that individuals belong to, so it was required to analyze suicide in local levels. The purpose of this study was to analyze the regional disparities of suicide mortality by gender and the association between local characteristics and suicide mortality. Methods: This study included 229 city county district administrative districts in Korea. Age- and sex-standardized suicide mortality and age-standardized suicide mortality (male/female) were used as dependent variables. City county district types, socio-demographics (number of divorces per 1,000 population, number of marriages per 1,000 population, and single households), financial variable (financial independence), welfare variable (welfare budget), and health behavior/status (perceived health status scores and EuroQol-5 dimension [EQ-5D]) were used to represent the local characteristics. We used hot-spot analysis to identify the spatial patterns of suicide mortality and negative binomial regression analysis to examine factors affecting suicide mortality. Results: There were differences in distribution of suicide mortality and hot-spot regions of suicide mortality by gender. Negative binomial regression analysis provided that city county district types (city), number of divorces per 1,000 population, financial independence, and EQ-5D had significant influences on the age- and sex-standardized suicide mortality per 100,000. Factor influencing suicide mortality was the number of divorces per 1,000 population in both male and female. Conclusion: Study results provided evidences that suicide mortality among regions was differed by gender. Health policy makers will need to consider gender and local characteristics when making policies for suicides.

• 공학교육연구
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2023

The underrepresentation of women in engineering has received considerable attention. A series of policies and practices have been developed to promote gender-balanced participation in engineering. This study focuses on gender disparities in reasons for the choice of engineering majors and regret of that choice. The regression results show that compared to their male counterparts, women are found to select an engineering major primarily based on their high school GPA or CSAT scores rather than their aptitudes and interests. Accordingly, women regret their major choice more than men due to mismatched expectations and abilities or unsatisfactory postgraduate labor market outcomes. The findings provide policy insights to improve gender equity in engineering by further enhancing career education in secondary schools.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.196-199
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• 2023

Climate-related events unevenly affect society, worsening mental health disparities among vulnerable populations. This paper highlights that lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgender, queers, and other individuals identifying as sexual and gender minorities (LGBTQ+) (LGBTQ+) could be considered a climate-vulnerable population in the Philippines, one of the most climate-vulnerable countries. As such, this paper elucidated that LGBTQ+ Filipinos can be marginalized in climate response efforts due to their sexual orientation and gender minority identities. According to the minority stress theory, discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals may predispose them to mental health problems. Thus, there is a need to institute an LGBTQ+ inclusive mental health response for climate-related events to address discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals and uphold their mental health.