• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.26-33
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• 1981

Crocin was extracted from Gardenia fructus in order to manufacture a natural food dye. In the extraction and purification process methanol and ethanol were used as the most Suitable solvent selected in preliminary test and 9.28%g/100g of Cretin product in 99.89% of purity was acquired. The lethal dose of Cretin administered in mouse by intra peridoneal was 5.36g/kg which is much lower toxic than any other. The toxic dose which caused diarrhoea in rat was 2.55g/kg and maximum no effect level was found to be 272mg/kg. From the $1%{\sim}2.5%$ content of Crocin in rat diet reduction of body weight appeared and GTP and GOT (Transaminase) value in creased significantly. Crocin showed a good properties of tolerating acid, alkali, sunlight, reductant, oxidant, and salt compared with tar dyes. The range from 100 ppm to 500ppm bring out bright $yellow{\sim}orange$ color, the most effective color, with a good solubility in water-slightly in oil. The acceptable daily intake of crocin was calculated as 2.72mg/kg based on maximum no effect dose (2% additive dose).

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.287-296
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• 1991

Colonial morphology of the various yeasts often encountered in sputum or other clinical specimens was investigated on the corn meal-potato-yeast extract agar medium (GJCPY) containing orange-yellow pigments extracted from Gardenia jasminoides fruits in hopes of differential identification on primary cultures. The results obtained are as follows. 1) Cryptococcus neoformans which is a medically important yeast and whose colony showed brown to purple brown on GJCPY medium was distinguishable not only from buff colored Cr. laurentii after one week incubation but also from Candida spp. 2) Colony color of Candida albicans, a most common species in sputum specimens and of Ca. parapsilosis, a rare isolate, remained unchanged even after 15 days incubation. 3) Ca. tropicalis, second common isolate from sputums and Ca. krusei, a rare isolate, formed a characteristic rough and wrinkled colonies that permit to differentiate them from others. 4) Rare isolates, Ca. guilliermondii and Ca. lusitaniae, turned to prussian blue within three days of incubation. 5) Torulopsis sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed glossy grayish blue or light blue after one week incubation. The findings clearly showed that Ga. jasminoides pigments medium was useful to the morphological differentiation of medically important yeasts that were often encountered in sputum or other clinical specimens.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.1184-1187
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• 1999

The Gardenia jasminoides yellow pigment and converted pigments were completely separated by Amberlite XAD-4 column chromatography. These Pigments were gel filtrated on Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The characteristics of absorption spectra of eluate and fractionated pigments were investigated. The pigment converted by Lactobacillus plantarum showed a single blue color with an absorption peak at 588 nm and its molecular size was bigger than that of crocetin. The pigment, converted by Staphylococcus epidermidis, Showed blue-green color, which was composed of yellow color with an absorption peak at 418 nm and blue color at 588 nm. Molecular size of the yellow pigment was smaller than crocetin and that of blue color.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.48-56
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• 2000

Yellow dye-stuffs in natural plant were extracted from a gardenia, saffron, safflower, amur tree and pagoda. And then they were used to color Korean handmade paper(Hanji) on using a mordant. The results of the degree of discoloration are as follows. 1. As for a gardenia(Gardenia jasminodes Ellis for. grandiflora Makino), the effects of coloring were outstanding in the acid area. But for the preservation, it might be desirable that used a lye in a dye-stuff obtained at $40{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. 2. As for saffron(Curcuma longa L.), when used alum as a mordant, it was colored to a medium yellow color with green color. But easily discolorated and was not desirable. And, it didn't fit in a dye-stuff of Hanji. 3. For safflower(Carthamus tinctorius L.), when pH was in the low acid it was colored to the cleaner yellow color. It was the distinction of discoloration that the degree of brightness's increase was low. 4. For amur cork-tree(Phellodendron amurense Rupr.), the effects of yellow coloring were great in the areas of acidity and alkali. But, when used alum, the degree of the discoloration was high and was not effective. 5. For pagoda tree(Styphnolobium Japonica L.), using a calcium hydroxide as a mordant, enabled the more than average yellow to be gained. The degree of discoloration was good.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.285-292
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• 2008

Crocin is one of the major components of gardenia fruit and saffron which are widely used as natural food colorants and as traditional Chinese medicines. However, the genotoxicity data on crocin are not sufficient for safety evaluation. The purpose of this study was the examination of the genotoxicity on crocin from gardenia yellow in bacterial and mammalian cells, using various genotoxic battery testing assays and the influence of crocin on methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and ${H_2}{O_2}$-induced DNA damage in vitro, using single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay. From results, no considerable mutagenicity and clastogenicity were seen in bacteria and mammalian cells treated with crocin, by Ames test, chromosomal aberration assay, ${tk}^{+/-}$ gene forward mutation assay and comet assay. And, post-treatment with crocin significantly suppressed ${H_2}{O_2}$-induced DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, the findings of the present study and other previous observations indicate that crocin has no genotoxic potential. And it showed that crocin clearly repressed the genotoxic potency of ${H_2}{O_2}$. These results suggest that anti-oxidative effects of crocin may be involved in the protective effects of DNA damage.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.403-409
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• 2010

Gardenia jasminoides is a popular traditional herb used to treat inflammatory diseases including liver disorders. This study was performed to examine protective effect of G. jasminoides on galactosamine (GalN)-induced acute hepatitis. Rats were treated intraperitoneally with GalN (700 mg/kg). G. jasminoides (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) was administered orally 48, 24, and 2 h before and 6 h after GalN injection. Serum ALT and AST activities were significantly increased after GalN injection, and these increases were attenuated by G. jasminoides. Histological studies showed that G. jasminoides inhibited hepatocellular necrosis with inflammatory cell infiltration. GalN decreased the serum levels of total cholesterol and this decrease was attenuated by G. jasminoides. Hepatic glutathione content was decreased and lipid peroxidation was increased after GalN treatment and these changes were attenuated by G. jasminoides. Furthermore, the level of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression was significantly increased after GalN injection, and this increase was attenuated by G. jasminoides. The level of interleukin-10 mRNA expression was significantly increased after GalN injection, and this increase was augmented by G. jasminoides. Our results suggest that G. jasminoides ameliorates GalN-induced acute hepatitis and this protection is likely due to antioxidative activity and regulation of inflammatory mediators.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.511-527
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• 2024

The aim of this study was to impart color to bacterial cellulose (BC) fabric using various natural plant-based dyes-namely, gardenia jasminoides, green tea, and pomegranate peel. A protein pretreatment was also applied to improve the BC fabric's dyeability and mechanical properties. The BC fabric's dyeing and mordanting conditions when using plant-based natural dyes were determined by changes in the K/S values. The dyeability of BC samples dyed with green tea or pomegranate peel improved when they were pretreated with soy protein isolate (SPI) prior to dyeing. Moreover, the SPI pretreatment was efficient in improving the BC fabric's tensile strength and flexibility. This study proposes a method for dyeing BC fabric that uses plant-based natural dyes and confirms the effects of the protein pretreatment on the fabric's dyeability and durability.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.165-179
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• 2015

Objectives: This experiment investigated the antimicrobial activity of Hwangryunheadok-tang and extracts of Scutellariae radix , Phellodendri cortex , Coptis rhizome , and Gardenia jasminoides against Salmonella typhimurium . Methods: After spreading S. typhimurium on a bacterial culture medium plate, antimicrobial activity was tested by dripping diluted Hwangryunheadok-tang or extracts of Scutellariae radix , Phellodendri cortex , Coptis rhizome , or Gardenia jasminoides (80 μl, diluted 100, 50, 10, and 1%) onto the plate, followed by culture for 16 to 72 hours. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was tested by dripping the minimum dilution that showed antimicrobial activity (80, 60, 40, and 20 μl) and measuring the density. The antimicrobial activity of Hwangryunheadok-tang and four extracts showed continuous antibacterial activity against S. typhimurium throughout the experiment. Result: 1. S. typhimurium . (Standard Microorganism, ATCC) 1) The Hwangryunheadok-tang and extracts of Scutellariae radix , Phellodendri cortex , and Coptis rhizome showed antibacterial activity in the undiluted solutions and in 50% dilutions. Gardenia jasminoides extract showed potency only in the undiluted solution. The antimicrobial potency of the undiluted solution was increased when the volume of inoculation was increased, but no difference was noted when the culture time was extended. All the extracts showed antimicrobial potency against S. typhimurium . 2. S. typhimurium isolated from diarrhea patients 1) When compared to the standard microorganism experiment on S. typhimurium , the MICs of the five extracts were increased. However, whereas the antimicrobial potency of doxycycline was lost entirely against bacteria isolated from patients with diarrhea, the antimicrobial potency of all the extracts was diminished but did not disappear. 2) The antimicrobial activity of Hwangryunheadok-tang and four extracts was continuous even when the culture time was extended to 16, 24, and 72 hours. Conclusions: The Hwangryunheadok-tang and four kinds of extracts have antimicrobial activity against S. typhimurium . Comparison of a standard microorganism with S. typhimurium isolated from diarrhea patients showed that the antimicrobial activity of all the extracts was better than that of antibiotics. Further studies should focus on the value and benefits of Hwangryunheadok-tang , and the four kinds of extracts as clinical treatments.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.399-404
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• 1998

Genipin was obtained from hydrolysis of geniposide isolated from gardenia fruits with ${\beta}-glucosidase$. Reaction of genipin with glycine, alanine, histidine, lysine, phenylalanine and glutamate in aqueous buffer solution converted colorless starting materials to blue pigments. Effect of pH for the formation of blue pigments was tested using UV/Vis spectrophotometer. The optimum pH for the formation of blue pigments was 7.0. No pigment and trace amounts were formed at acidic (pH 3.0) and alkaline (pH 12.0) conditions, respectively. The amount and tincture of blue color were distinct with different amino acids. In contrast with lysine $({\lambda}_{max}=573\;nm)$, glycine $({\lambda}_{max}=595\;nm)$, phenylalanine $({\lambda}_{max}=602\;nm)$ and alanine $({\lambda}_{max}=595\;nm)$, the reaction of genipin with histidine $({\lambda}_{max}=601\;nm)$ and glutamate $({\lambda}_{max}=601\;nm)$ produced relatively small amounts of blue pigments. Rate constants for the formation of blue pigments from genipin with amino acids at various temperatures $(60,\;70,\;80,\;90^{\circ}C,\;pH\;7.0\;phosphate\;buffer)$ were obtained. Rate constants of genipin with basic amino acids were larger than neutral or acidic amino acids. Arrhenius activation energies of the formation of blue pigments indicated that activation energy of glycine $(E_A=9.8\;kcal/mol)$ was especially lower than those of other amino acids $(E_A=13.3{\sim}15.4\;kcal/mol)$.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.22-28
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• 2014

In this study, we conducted the anti-HIV-1 enzymes assay in vitro and its active components were predicted by QSAR in silico for the elucidation of action mechanism on anti-HIV of natural resources. The extracts of Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans Makino were tested for their inhibitory effects on the reverse transcriptase (RT), protease and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase. In the enzyme inhibition assay, the methanol extracts of Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans Makino stem showed a strong activity of 32.5% on the enzyme activity to cleave an oligopeptide, resembling one of the cleavage sites in the viral polyprotein which can only be processed by HIV-1 protease. Moreover the methanol extracts of stem exhibited alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of 26.1%. The methanol extracts ($100{\mu}g/ml$) of stem showed a weak activity of 13.4% on anti-HIV-1 RT using Enzyme Linked Oligonucleotide Sorbent Assay (ELOSA) method. However, all extracts of leaf and stem didn't exhibit the HIV-1-induced cytopathic effects with IC (inhibitory concentration) of $100{\mu}g/ml$ in HIV-1-infected human T-cell line. From these results, it is suggested that Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans Makino extracts may possibly be involved in the inhibition of reverse transcriptase, protease and alpha-glucosidase but can't vitally concerned with the viral replication in vitro.