• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2007

The term, "food safety", has traditionally been viewed as a practical science aimed at assuring the prevention acute illnesses caused by biological microorganisms, and only to a minor extent, chronic diseases cause by chronic low level exposures to natural and synthetic chemicals or pollutants. "food safety" meant to prevent microbiological agents/toxins in/on foods, due to contamination any where from "farm to Fork", from causing acute health effects, especially to the young, immune-compromised, genetically-predisposed and elderly. However, today a broader view must also include the fact that diet, perse (nutrients, vitamins/minerals, calories), as well as low level toxins and pollutant or supplemented synthetic chemicals, can alter gene expressions of stem/progenitor/terminally-differentiated cells, leading to chronic inflammation and other mal-functions that could lead to diseases such as cancer, diabetes, atherogenesis and possibly reproductive and neurological disorders. Understanding of the mechanisms by which natural or synthetic chemical toxins/toxicants, in/on food, interact with the pathogenesis of acute and chronic diseases, should lead to a "systems" approach to "food safety". Clearly, the interactions of diet/food with the genetic background, gender, and developmental state of the individual, together with (a) interactions of other endogenous/exogenous chemicals/drugs; (b) the specific biology of the cells being affected; (c) the mechanisms by which the presence or absence of toxins/toxicants and nutrients work to cause toxicities; and (d) how those mechanisms affect the pathogenesis of acute and/or chronic diseases, must be integrated into a "system" approach. Mechanisms of how toxins/toxicants cause cellular toxicities, such as mutagenesis; cytotoxicity and altered gene expression, must take into account (a) irreversible or reversal changes caused by these toxins or toxicants; (b)concepts of thresholds or no-thresholds of action; and (c) concepts of differential effects on stem cells, progenitor cells and terminally differentiated cells in different organs. This brief Commentary tries to illustrate this complex interaction between what is on/in foods with one disease, namely cancer. Since the understanding of cancer, while still incomplete, can shed light on the multiple ways that toxins/toxicants, as well as dietary modulation of nutrients/vitamins/metals/ calories, can either enhance or reduce the risk to cancer. In particular, diets that alter the embryo-fetal micro-environment might dramatically alter disease formation later in life. In effect "food safety" can not be assessed without understanding how food could be 'toxic', or how that mechanism of toxicity interacts with the pathogenesis of any disease.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate appropriate concentrations of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. powder, which has various functions, to dried wheat flour noodles. The viscosity of the composite flour and cooking quality of the noodle samples were measured, and sensory evaluations were conducted in this study. When measured by the amylograph, the composite flour had lower viscosity in the gelatinization points, maximum viscosity, and viscosity at a temperature of $95^{\circ}C$ than those of control. However, the gap between the maximum viscosity and viscosity after 15 minutes at a temperature of $95^{\circ}C$ was not great among all of the samples. While cooked noodles containing H. cordata Thunb. powder had lower weight and lower volume than those of control, the weight of two cooked noodle samples with 0.5% and 1.5% of H. cordata Thunb. powder was insignificantly different. Cooked noodles had higher concentrations of H. cordata Thunb. powder; therefore, the L value of cooked noodles decreased, while a and b color values of the noodles increased. Color, flavor, taste, and overall acceptability of the samples with H. cordata Thunb. powder were lower than those of wheat flour noodles via sensory evaluation. In the overall acceptability, however, samples with 0.5% and 1.5% of H. cordata Thunb. powder were insignificantly different from control. As a result, it was finally suggested that optimum level of the H. cordata Thunb. powder in the product was below 0.5%.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.155-179
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• 2004

This study is about the effectiveness and activation strategies of vacational training programme for the disabled guided by the Ministry of Labour and the Korea Employment Promotion Agency for the Disabled(KEPAD). This research employed quantitative approach. The quantitative research used the samples of 853 disabled people who had finished vocational training programme during recent 3 years. In this research the effectiveness is categorized into two ; product effectiveness and employment effectiveness. Product effectiveness is influenced by the kind of train-center, train-area, train-length. The KEPAD, non-IT job area and train-period over 6 month are more effective. Employment effectiveness is significantly influenced by demo-sociological factor rather than disability factor. Especially the kind of train-center is very important to be employed for the disabled. This implicates that choice of train-center by the disabled and effective management of it by the public sector is very important in developing employment. Effective management, stated above, includes reengineering programmes and functions accountable to the need form the trainee, bridging the gap among train-centers in terms of performance, differentiation of financial support according to the product to save the public fund, encouraging one special programme in one train-center.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.41 no.3 s.114
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• pp.245-266
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• 2006

This study aims to explain the emergence of Gangnam Region of Seoul as a new cluster of the Korean film industry in the context of its history of growth, recent development characteristics, and its production system. Statistical analyses of Korean industries and in-depth interview surveys to film producers were conducted. The results of the analyses show that there has been obvious tendency of film makers' move from Chungmuro, a traditional cluster of the Korean film industry, to Gangnam and many births of new film makers in Gangnam. This new cluster, however, is operating on informal networking between film makers and related personnel, not on formalized production system composed of specialized functions and labor market. Therefore, it can be called as loosely-articulated cluster. This form of cluster has much to do with production milieu of Gangnam, such as advantages of obtaining information and consumer trend, diverse atmosphere which makes it easier to meet diverse people, favorable environment to embed creativity and fresh idea, etc. This trend of the film industry to orient a specific area can be explained in conjunction with the uniqueness of the film industry, such as uncertainty, project-based work, generation gap between film makers, participation of large companies or increasing size of investment.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2013

Objectives : Accumulation point is a useful acupoint for acute pain diseases. Among the eight extra meridians, only four (Yin Heel, Yang Heel, Yin Link, Yang Link vessel) have accumulation point and the others (Governor, Conception, Thoroughfare, Belt Vessel) do not. However, there is no explanation why these four meridians do not have it. So, the authors researched the literature to look for the reasons. Methods : We investigated 10 books and 1 paper about the 'accumulation point of extra meridians' using several search engines and researched reason why the other 4 meridian do not have it. Results : All of the 16 accumulation points are located on the 4 limbs. The four limbs have more Yang energy than the trunk. The governor, conception, thoroughfare, and belt vessels do not flow in the limbs. It seems that there is no acupoint located on deep gap enough to be the accumulation point among the four vessels. When it comes to the functions of these vessels, they are little related with the acute pain that is the main target of the accumulation point. Conclusions : From the results of this study, it seems to be reasonable that the four vessels do not have accumulation point.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.29-48
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• 2019

Recently, product design innovation to improve user experience has been perceived as a core element of enterprise competitiveness due to the fierce market competition and decrease of the technological gap between companies, but there is insufficient services to support the product experience evaluation of small and medium-sized companies (SMCs). The aim of this study is to develop a web-based product user experience evaluation and certification system supporting product design practices for SMCs. For system interface design, we conducted systematic functional requirement elicitation methods such as user survey, workflow analysis, user task definition, and function definition. Then main functions, information structure, navigation method, and detailed graphic user interfaces were developed with consideration of user interactions and requirements. In particular, it provides the databases for evaluation efficiency to support the evaluation process above a certain level of performance and efficiency, and knowledge databases to utilize in the evaluation and product design improvement. With help of the developed service platform, It is expected that the service platform would enhance SMCs' product development capability with regard to the user experience evaluation by connecting the consulting firms with SMCs.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.611-619
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• 2021

Porous asphalt pavement (PAP) has many functions, such as reducing accidents and decreasing noise. On the other hand, vulnerability is inevitable because PAP contains approximately 20% porosity. This study evaluated the effects of the maximum aggregate size (MAS), temperature, and porosity on the PAP durability. The indirect tensile strength measures durability. This study tested the samples that stayed dry and were moisturized by freezing and thawing for mixtures having the same porosity of 20% and MAS of 13mm, 10mm, and 8mm. The same test was performed on a mixture of 20% and 22% voids made of the same material with a MAS of 10mm. As a result, for 20% porosity, significant differences in the changes in MAS and temperature were found. A clear difference was observed between 8mm and 13mm under dry conditions, but there were no other significant differences in the MAS change. Furthermore, there was a clear difference in temperature for the change in porosity and temperature, but the gap in 2% porosity at 20% did not show a clear difference. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a more durable PAP through quantitative evaluations of the factors affecting the PAP durability.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.125-150
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• 2016

This study was carried out to empirically analyze the hypothesis that the impact of the welfare status on the welfare attitudes is moderated by each individual's level of confidence in government. To do this, this study focused on the welfare status known as the significant predictors of welfare attitudes and measured the welfare status as a gap between 'welfare contribute' and 'welfare benefit' in a single dimension, which is defined as 'material sacrifice'. Also, this study examined the main effect of material sacrifice and trust in government on the welfare attitudes and moderating effect of trust in government on relationship between material sacrifice and welfare attitudes. This study was performed with secondary data from 8th year of "2013 Korea Welfare Panel Study". Hypothesis of this study were verified using hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The major findings of this study are summarized as follow. 'Material sacrifice' was found to be negatively associated with the welfare attitudes. However, as the confidence in which social policies will be carried out competently by government increases, it was confirmed that the negative effect of material sacrifice on the welfare attitudes was moderated. It suggests that self-material interests associated with welfare could be moderated by beliefs and expectations about the government's functions, which means that expanding the reliance on the social policy is an important task in order to lead a social consensus for the welfare expansion.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.631-641
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• 2021

Background: Main bioactive constituents and pharmacological functions of ripened red ginseng berry (Panax ginseng Meyer) have been frequently reported. Yet, the research gap targeting the beneficial activities of transformed green ginseng berries has not reported elsewhere. Methods: Ginsenosides of new green berry cultivar K-1 (GK-1) were identified by HPLC-QTOF/MS. Ginsenosides bioconversion in GK-1 by bgp1 enzyme was confirmed with HPLC and TLC. Then, mechanisms of GK-1 and β-glucosidase (bgp1) biotransformed GK-1 (BGK-1) were determined by Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction and Western blot. Results: GK-1 possesses highest ginsenosides especially ginsenoside-Re amongst seven ginseng cultivars including (Chunpoong, Huangsuk, Kumpoong, K-1, Honkaejong, Gopoong, and Yunpoong). Ginseng root's biomass is not affected with the harvest of GK-1 at 3 weeks after flowering period. Then, Re is bioconverted into a promising pharmaceutical effect of Rg2 via bgp1. According to the results of cell assays, BGK-1 shows decrease of tyrosinase and melanin content in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone challenged-murine melanoma B16 cells. BGK-1 which is comparatively more effective than GK-1 extract shows significant suppression of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and inflammatory target genes, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusion: These results reported effective whitening and anti-inflammatory of BGK-1 as compared to GK-1.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.110-131
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• 2019

Purpose - This paper investigates the implications for facilitating trade in the products of Industry 4.0. To identify the issues caused by the conflicts of policy objectives such as applying the tariff concession under the ITA and imposing the export control, by exploring the case of classification of drones. Design/methodology - We adopted a single case study method to gain a deeper understanding of the complex and multifaceted issues of Customs classification in the context of facilitating trade in the products of Industry 4.0. This study employs the case of drones to explore how these issues of Customs classification affect trade facilitation. We ensured the internal validity of the study by confirming the pattern of the results with the existing theories. Findings - Our main findings can be summarised as follows: the intrinsic nature of the products that converge several technologies causes issues in the classification. The inconsistency in product classification delays customs clearance by hindering the Customs risk-management system that pinpoints products subject to controls. To address the issues, therefore, we proposed fundamental reforms of Customs to empower themselves with management roles. Facilitating trade in the products of Industry 4.0 requires more enhanced Customs capability. Therefore, the reforms should include comprehensive capacity-building activities, such as changes in staff-trainings, promotion system, organisation and culture. Customs also need roles in robust designing of cooperative systems to compensate for the lacks of controls and to ensure concrete risk management for expedited Customs procedures. As well, by equipping the Single Window of Customs with crucial control functions of other ministries, Customs need to support the cooperation. The role of harmonising various preaudits of other ministries with its own is another essential role that ensures predictability of clearance procedure. Originality/value - There are scanty studies in the field of knowledge about what obstacles exist and what solution is available in the course of transforming to 'Industry 4.0'. In filling out the gap of knowledge, this paper is of academic significance in that it applies the research theory on trade facilitation for the specific cases of classification of the product of Industry 4.0 to verify its effectiveness and to extend the subject of the studies to the scope of Industry 4.0. It also has practical significance in that the results have provided implications for reforms of Customs procedures to facilitate trade in the products of Industry 4.0.