• Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.101-117
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• 2001

In English, whether or not wh-movement creates weak crossover effects depends upon the type of wh-phrases that cross over. A bare interrogative like who shows a typical weak crossover effect whereas which N type (e.g. which girl) and partitive type (e.g. which of these girls) wh-phrases would show mere weaker and weakest crossover effects, respectively. Previous approaches to English crossover phenomena that resort to a binary notion of specificity or D-linking cannot account for the three-way contrast the three different types of wh-phrases show. To overcome this problem, I argue in this paper that specificity should be a non-binary set-theoretic notion and propose the following subset principle and optimal binding relation: Between two lexical nominal expressions A and B, A is regarded as more specific than B iff the denotation of A comes from a more narrowly defined non-singleton set than B. Between two lexical nominal expressions A and B, if A locally binds B, then the non-singleton set from which the denotation of A comes should be a subset of the set from which the denotation of B comes (i.e. B cannot be more specific than A). The smaller the subset (i.e. the wider the specificity gap between binder and binder), the more optimal the local binding relation is. A locally binds B iff A is coindexed with B, and A c-commands B, and there is no such C that does not bind A but binds B. Finally, I show that partitivity functions to carve out a smaller subset and thus make partitive wh-phrases more specific than simple which N type wh-phrases.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.55-69
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• 2020

The Internet cyber space has become more important as it enters the intelligent information society of the 4th Industrial Revolution beyond the information age through the development of ICT, the expansion of personalized services through mobile and SNS, the development of IoT, big data, and artificial intelligence. The Internet has formed a new paradigm in human civilization, but it has focused only on the efficiency of its functions. Therefore, various side effects such as information divide, cyber terrorism, cyber violence, hacking, and personal information leakage are emerging. In this situation, facing the intelligent information society can lead to an uncontrollable chaos. Therefore, this study classifies the cyber dysfunction of intelligent information society and analyzes social cognition, suggests cyber dysfunction standard of intelligent information society, and examines the seriousness of dysfunction, and suggests technical research directions for future technologies and services. The dysfunctional classification of the intelligent information society was classified into five areas of cyber crime and terrorism, infringement of rights, intelligent information usage culture, intelligent information reliability, and social problems by FGI methodology. Based on the classification, the social perception of current and future cyber dysfunction severity was surveyed and it showed female is more sensitive than male about the dysfunction. A GAP analysis confirmed social awareness that the future society would be more serious about AI and cyber crime

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.23 no.3 s.180
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• pp.76-85
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• 2006

In the manufacture of liquid crystal display devices, there is a strong demand for contactless glass panel handling devices that can manipulate a glass panel without contaminating or damaging it. To fulfill this requirement, an electrostatic transportation device for glass panels is proposed. This device can directly drive a glass panel and simultaneously provide contactless suspension by electrostatic forces. To accomplish these two functions, a feedback control strategy and the operational principle of an electrostatic induction motor are utilized. The stator possesses electrodes which exert electrostatic farces on the glass panel and are divided into a part responsible for suspension and one for transportation. To accomplish dynamic stability and a relatively fast suspension initiation time, the structure of the electrode for suspension possesses many boundaries over which potential differences are formed. In this paper, an electrode pattern suitable for the suspension of glass panels is described, followed by the structure of the transportation device and its operational principle. Experimental results show that the glass panel has been transported with a speed of approximately 25.6 mm/s while being suspended stably at a gap length of 0.3 mm.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.621-628
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• 2005

The concrete lining in tunnel performs structural and nonstructural functions. The concrete lining works as a structural member for released load and residual water pressure in NATM tunnel system. Also concrete lining used for finishing the tunnel surface. The initial crack of concrete lining is reported because of difficulties in construction process, which concrete is injected into 30$\sim$40cm narrow gap between lining form and tunnel surface through 500${\times}$600mm small injection holes in the form. In this paper, we research a reason of initial crack occurrence by the case study of 4 lane wide span tunnel, and propose an improved method for crack minimization in construction process. We verify that the proposed method can give qualified concrete lining by carrying out the concrete injection model test and the numerical analysis of concrete flow.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.731-735
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• 2013

YBCO thin films on $SiO_2$/Si substrate were fabricated by spin-coaing of an alkoxide-derived precursor and heat treatment. The structural and electrical properties of the YBCO films were investigated as functions of annealing temperature at $600{\sim}800^{\circ}C$. Although YBCO single phase was not synthesized, dense films of YBCO matrix phase and minor second phases have been successfully fabricated at the annealing temperatures of $650{\sim}800^{\circ}C$. Thickness and temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of YBCO thin films with annealing temperature of $750^{\circ}C$ were 0.31 ${\mu}m$ and $-2.92%/^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.19-25
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• 2007

A LNG safety valve functions to control a constant pressure inside the LNG line of transportation, and the flow through it accompanies with noise and vibration which affect adversely on the system. The present study aims at understanding the flow physics of LNG safety valve for a practical design of LNG safety valve. A computational work using the two-dimensional, axisymmetric, compressible, Navier-Stokes equations is carried out to simulate the gas flow through the LNG safety valve, and compared with the theoretical results. It is found that the shape of valve sheet and the gap size are the key parameters in determining the gas dynamic forces on the valve sheet, and there exists a distance between nozzle exit and valve sheet in which the thrust coefficient at the valve sheet increases abruptly.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.350-355
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• 2009

Arachidonic acid (AA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that is a normal constituent of membrane lipids in animal cells. In addition to its role as a precursor of prostaglandins, AA itself may play an important role in the regulation of cell function. The effect of AA on functions of granulosa cells was investigated in pre-hierarchical small yellow follicles of laying hens. Immuno-cytochemical staining showed that AA ($10^{-7}-10^{-5}$ M) increased the expression of the extracellular matrix glycoprotein laminin, gap junction connexin 43 and protein kinase C (PKC). Therefore, mediated by the PKC signal pathway, AA may regulate the intercellular communication of granulosa cells and follicular development by increasing the expression of laminin and connexin.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Pressure Vessels and Piping
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2020

In SMART, the flow mixing header assembly (FMHA) is used to mix the coolant flowing into the reactor core to maintain a uniform temperature. The FMHA is designed to have enough stiffness so the resonance with reactor internal structures does not occurs during the pipe break and the seismic accidents. Since the gap between the FMHA and the core support barrel assembly is very narrow compared with the diameter of FMHA, the hydrodynamic mass effect acting on the FMHA is not negligible. Therefore the hydrodynamic mass characteristics on the FMHA are investigated to consider the fluid and structure interaction effects. The result of modal analysis for the dry and underwater conditions, the natural frequency of primary vibration mode for the horizontal direction is reduced from 136.67 Hz to 43.76 Hz. Also the result of frequency response spectrum seismic analysis for the dry and underwater conditions, the maximum equivalent stress are increased from 13.89 MPa to 40.23 MPa. Therefore, reactor internal structures located in underwater condition shall consider carefully the hydrodynamic mass effects even though they have sufficient stiffness required for performing its functions under the dry condition.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.208-214
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• 2009

Steroid hormones have long been known to have a profound influence on the immune system. Although the functions of the nuclear receptors in the development of T cells are fairly well studied, the differential expression of these receptors in T helper cells is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the differential expression of nuclear receptors and coregulators in Th1 and Th2 cells by genome-wide micro array analysis. The result showed that several nuclear receptors and coregulators are differentially expressed in these cells. The result was confirmed by RT-PCR. The result showed that $RXR{\alpha}$ is highly expressed in Th2 cells. Overexpression of $RXR{\alpha}$ in a Jurkat human T cell line induced IL4 but not IFN-${\gamma}$ gene expression, suggesting that $RXR{\alpha}$ plays a selective role in Th1 and Th2 differentiation. In summary, these results suggest that Th1/Th2 differentiation is influenced by differential regulation of nuclear receptors and coregulators.

• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.366-373
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• 2009

In this paper, we propose a similarity search algorithm for image databases. One of the central problems regarding content-based image retrieval (CBIR) is the semantic gap between the low-level features computed automatically from images and the human interpretation of image content. Many search algorithms used in CBIR have used the Minkowski metric (or $L_p$-norm) to measure similarity between image pairs. However those functions cannot adequately capture the aspects of the characteristics of the human visual system as well as the nonlinear relationships in contextual information. Our new search algorithm tackles this problem by employing new similarity measures and ranking strategies that reflect the nonlinearity of human perception and contextual information. Our search algorithm yields superior experimental results on a real handwritten digit image database and demonstrates its effectiveness.