• Bulletin of Food Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.98-106
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• 2004

Two mutant enzymes of $\gamma$-glutamylcysteine synthetase ($\gamma$-GCS) which catalyzed the synthesis of $\gamma$-glutamylcysteine from L-glutamic acid and L-cysteine in the presence of ATP, were prepared bypoint mutation of $\gamma$-GCS gene with site-directed mutagensis in E. coli. Conformational structuresand catalytic reaction kinetics of mutant enzymes were compared with wild type $\gamma$-GCS afterpurification. The S495F mutant enzyme (serine at 495 residue was substituted with phenylalanine),which had no catalytic activity for $\gamma$-glutamylcysteine synthesis, rarely folded even in neutral pH.However, the mutant A494V (alanine of 494 residue was replaced by valnine) which showed 50 %increase of activity, had a high folding structure. The folding structure of A494V also more stable athigh temperature and extreme pH compared to wild type and S495F. Reaction kinetics of wild typeand A494V were also investigated, Km value of A494V was smaller than that of wild type, while itshowed a little difference at Vmax values. This result evolved that alanine at 494 may be involved inbinding site of substrate rather than catalytic site. In addition, change of catalytic activity by onepoint mutation was highly correlated with the folding structure of enzyme.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to observe and quantify the expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interferon-$\gamma$ (IFN-$\gamma$), and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) in the gingival tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and healthy adults with chronic periodontitis. Methods: Twelve patients with type 2 DM and chronic periodontitis (Group 3), twelve patients with chronic periodontitis (Group 2), and twelve healthy individuals (Group 1) were included in the study. Clinical criteria of gingival (sulcus bleeding index value, probing depths) and radiographic evidences of bone resorption were divided into three groups. The concentrations of cytokines were determined by a western blot analysis and compared using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. Results: The expression levels of IFN-$\gamma$ and TIMP-2 showed an increasing tendency in Groups 2 and 3 when compared to Group 1. On the other hand, the expression of IL-4 was highest in Group 1. Conclusions: The findings suggest that IFN-$\gamma$ and TIMP-2 may be involved in the periodontal inflammation associated with type 2 DM. IL-4 may be involved in the retrogression of the periodontal inflammation associated with type 2 DM.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.173-188
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• 2014

In this paper, a new class of open sets, namely ${\gamma}^*$-pre-open sets was introduced and its basic properties were studied. Moreover a new type of topology ${\tau}_{{\gamma}p^*}$ was generated using ${\gamma}^*$-pre-open sets and characterized the resultant topological space (X, ${\tau}_{{\gamma}p^*}$) as ${\gamma}^*$-pre-$T_{\frac{1}{2}}$ space.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.358-363
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• 2011

Background: Traditionally, interferon-${\gamma}$ (IFN-${\gamma}$) was regarded as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, however, recent reports suggested role of IFN-${\gamma}$ in immune tolerance. In our previous report, we could induce tolerance to male antigen (HY) just by male islet transplantation in wild type C57BL/6 mice without any immunological intervention. We tried to investigate the influence of IFN-${\gamma}$ deficiency on tolerance induction by male islet transplantation. Methods: To examine the immunogenicity of male tissue in the absence of IFN-${\gamma}$, we transplanted male IFN-${\gamma}$ knock-out (KO) skin to female IFN-${\gamma}$ KO mice. Next, we analyzed male IFN-${\gamma}$ KO islet to streptozotocin-induced diabetic female IFN-${\gamma}$ KO mice. And, we checked the functionality of grafted islet by graft removal and insulin staining. Results: As our previous results in wild type C57BL/6 mice, female IFN-${\gamma}$ KO mice rejected male IFN-${\gamma}$ KO skin within 29 days, and did not reject male IFN-${\gamma}$ KO islet. The maintenance of normal blood glucose level was dependent on the presence of grafted male islet. And the male islet recipient did not reject 2nd challenge of male islet graft also. Conclusion: Deficiency of IFN-${\gamma}$ does not have influence on the result of male skin graft and male islet transplantation. Conclusively, male islet transplantation induced T cell tolerance is not dependent on the presence of IFN-${\gamma}$.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.661-677
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• 2015

In this paper, we consider the following Kirchhoff-type Schr$\ddot{o}$dinger system $$\{-\(a_1+b_1{\int}_{\mathbb{R^3}}{\mid}{\nabla}u{\mid}^2dx\){\Delta}u+{\gamma}V(x)u=\frac{2{\alpha}}{{\alpha}+{\beta}}{\mid}u{\mid}^{\alpha-2}u{\mid}v{\mid}^{\beta}\;in\;\mathbb{R}^3,\\-\(a_2+b_2{\int}_{\mathbb{R^3}}{\mid}{\nabla}v{\mid}^2dx\){\Delta}v+{\gamma}W(x)v=\frac{2{\beta}}{{\alpha}+{\beta}}{\mid}u{\mid}^{\alpha}{\mid}v{\mid}^{\beta-2}v\;in\;\mathbb{R}^3,\\u,v{\in}H^1(\mathbb{R}^3),$$ where $a_i$ and $b_i$ are positive constants for i = 1, 2, ${\gamma}$ > 0 is a parameter, V (x) and W(x) are nonnegative continuous potential functions. By applying the Nehari manifold method and the concentration-compactness principle, we obtain the existence and concentration of ground state solutions when the parameter ${\gamma}$ is sufficiently large.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.757-780
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• 2022

In this article, we study the weak and extra-weak type integral inequalities for the modified integral Hardy operators. We provide suitable conditions on the weights ω, ρ, φ and ψ to hold the following weak type modular inequality $${\mathcal{U}}^{-1}\({\int_{{\mid}{\mathcal{I}}f{\mid}>{\gamma}}}\;{\mathcal{U}}({\gamma}{\omega}){\rho}\){\leq}{\mathcal{V}}^{-1}\({\int}_{0}^{\infty}{\mathcal{V}}(C{\mid}f{\mid}{\phi}){\psi}\),$$ where ${\mathcal{I}}$ is the modified integral Hardy operators. We also obtain a necesary and sufficient condition for the following extra-weak type integral inequality $${\omega}\(\{{\left|{\mathcal{I}}f\right|}>{\gamma}\}\){\leq}{\mathcal{U}}{\circ}{\mathcal{V}}^{-1}\({\int}_{0}^{\infty}{\mathcal{V}}\(\frac{C{\mid}f{\mid}{\phi}}{{\gamma}}\){\psi}\).$$ Further, we discuss the above two inequalities for the conjugate of the modified integral Hardy operators. It will extend the existing results for the Hardy operator and its integral version.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.167-173
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• 2004

The optimal conditions for the continuous production of $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid by immobilization of Lactobacillus brevis BH-21 using column type reactor were investigated. The optimal conditions of operation were 2.2 mm diameter bead of 3.0% sodium alginate at 10 mL/h of substrate feeding rate. Continuous production by immobililzed cells showed the highest productivity with replacement of fresh medium in every 48h for fourth fermentatoin cycle following the rendition of $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid productivity. A productivity of $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid could be obtained for 25 days by continuous column type reactor under optimal conditions.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2004

Objectives: The effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}2\;(PPAR{\gamma}2)$ Pro12Ala (P12A) polymorphism on body mass index (BMI) and type 2 diabetes are well documented; however, until now, only a few studies have evaluated the effects of this polymorphism on body fat distribution. This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of this polymorphism on computed tomography (CT)-measured body fat distribution and other obesity-related parameters in Korean female subjects. Methods & Results: The frequencies of $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotypes were: PP type, 93.0%; PA type, 6.8%; and AA type, 0.2%. The frequency of the A allele was 0.035. Body weight (P .012), BMI (P .012), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (P .001) were significantly higher in subjects with PA/AA compared with subjects with PP. When body composition was analyzed by bioimpedance analysis, lean body mass and body water content were similar between the 2 groups. However, body fat mass (P .003) and body fat percent (P .025) were significantly higher in subjects with PA/AA compared with subjects with PP. Among overweight subjects with BMI of greater than 25, PA/AA was associated with significantly higher abdominal subcutaneous fat (P .000), abdominal visceral fat (P .031), and subcutaneous upper and lower thigh adipose tissue (P .010 and .013). However, among lean subjects with BMI of less than 25, no significant differences associated with $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotype were found, suggesting that the fat-accumulating effects of the PA/AA genotype were evident only among overweight subjects, but not among lean subjects. When serum lipid profiles, glucose, and liver function indicators were compared among overweight subjects, no significant difference associated with $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotype was found. Changes in body weight, BMI, WHR, and body fat mass were measured among overweight subjects who finished a 1-month weight lose program of a hypocaloric diet and exercise; no significant differences associated with $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotype were found. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the $PPAR{\gamma}2$ PA/AA genotype is associated with increased subcutaneous and visceral fat areas in overweight Korean female subjects, but does not significantly affect serum biochemical parameters and outcomes of weight loss programs.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.29-36
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• 1985

The problem of selecting the gamma population with the largest mean out of k gamma populations, each of which has the same shape parameter is considered. An elimination type two-stage procedure is proposed which guarantees the same probability requirement using the indifference-zone approach as does the single-stage procedure of Gibbons, Olkin and Sobel (1977). The two-stage procedure has the highly desirable property that the expected total number of observations required by the procedure is always less than that of the corresponding single-stage procedure regardless of the configuration of the population parameters.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.93-106
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• 2005

In this paper, we obtain the generalization of the Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability in the sense of Gavruta and Ger of the generalized G-type functional equations of the form $f({{\varphi}(x)) = {\Gamma}(x)f(x)$. As a consequence in the cases ${\varphi}(x) := x+p:= x+1$, we obtain the stability theorem of G-functional equation : the reciprocal functional equation of the double gamma function.