• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.178-181
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• 2004

Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) is used extensively in the plastic industry and has been known as an environmental hormone (endocrine disruptor). Present study was undertaken to examine whether DBP can induce oxidative stress in mice. In this study, oxidative stress was measured in terms of the modification of lipid peroxidation and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (${\gamma}-GT$) activity. The activity of ${\gamma}-GT$, the level of lipid peroxidation and serum toxicity index were measured in male ICR mice after treatment with DBP (5 g/kg, po). Administration of DBP was found to significantly increase the level of lipid peroxidation approximately 2 fold in liver. The activity of ${\gamma}-GT$ in the liver of DBP-exposed animals was also increased approximately 2.5 fold. However, DBP did not alter the parameters for hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatinine. These results indicate that DBP can induce oxidative stress in mice. The ${\gamma}-GT$ activity is considered to be increased as one of the adaptive defense mechanisms to oxidative stress induced by DBP.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 1991

The aims of this study were investigated the antitumor effects and immunological activities of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) extracted from Proteus vulgaris RH-90 toward sarcoma-180 cells. LPS extracted from Proteus vulgris RH-90 was irradiated with gamma ray for detoxification. The tumor incidence of sarcoma-180 occurs all group which injected with gamma ray irradiated LPS and tumor of sarcoma-180 was necrotized with breeding in the injected group of l0$\mu\textrm{g}$ LPS. The inhibition ratio of tumor growth showed at the highest level of 60.88% when 5$\mu\textrm{g}$ gamma ray irradiated LPS was injected into mice. The prolongation ratio of life showed 20.72% when injected into mice with gamma ray irradiated LPS of 5$\mu\textrm{g}$. In the effect of immunological activity, the number of circurating leucocyte and peritoneal exudate cells were increased significantly in the treatment group than that control group, and dose-dependent response indicated by the increase of weights of immunorgans which revealed the improvement of immunity. The effect of macrophage on phagocytes, there were not found the differences between phagocytic and corrected phagocytic index.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.7-10
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• 2014

This study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of silkworm hemolymph against ${\gamma}-irradiation$ induced damage in the liver of mice. Female Balb/C mice (6 weeks old) were exposed to ${\gamma}-irradiation$ (6 Gy) and administered orally to silkworm hemolymph ($5ml\;kg^{-1}$ BW) for 7 days post-irradiation. The body weight, spleen index, plasma aspartate transaminase (AST), plasma alanine transaminase (ALT), and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined. Compared with irradiated control mice, the activity of plasma AST and the level of MDA were significantly decreased in mice treated silkworm hemolymph. These results show that silkworm hemolymph is found to have a protective effect against ${\gamma}-irradiation$ induced damage in mice.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2011

Purpose: To analyze our quality assurance (QA) data for intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) according to treatment site and to possibly improve QA for IMRT in Hospital. Materials and Methods: We performed QA on 50 patients (head and neck, 28 patients; Breast, 14 patients; Pelvis, 8 patients) for IMRT. The calculated dose from RTP was compared with the measured value film, gamma index, and ionization chamber for dose measurement in each case. Results: The point dose measurement results in 45 of 50 patients showed good agreement with the calculation dose (${\pm}3%$). The largest error measured thus far has been 3.60%, with a mean of only -0.17% (SD, 2.25%). Each treatment site showed an error rate of -0.13% (SD, 1.93%) for head and neck cases, -0.26% (SD, 2.79%) for breast cases, and 0.24% (SD, 2.44%) for pelvis cases. The gamma index verified with the error rate of head and neck cases (6%), breast (10%), and pelvis (6%), which corresponded to a tolerance of 3 mm (3% for the head and neck, 2%, for the breast 1% for the pelvis, and 0% in the region where the isodose curve was greater than 90%. Conclusion: We recognize the cause of errors for each treatment site of IMRT QA and so we maximize our efforts to reduce error and increase accuracy.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.34-48
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• 1982

The prime purpose of this study is to realize an index quantity, absorbed dose index, defined by the ICRU for the characterization of ambient radiation level at any location for the purpose of radiation protection. The experiment has been designed to be carried out in two phases, namely, preliminary and main experiment. In the primary study a 30cm diameter sphere of polyethylene was used, while in the main experiment that of tissue equivalent material was fabricated and used. Both experiments were performed in the gamma-ray fields of $^{137}Cs\;and\;^{60}Co$, and in a neutron beam of thermal column of the TRIGA MARK-II research reactor. In the measurement of gamma-ray absorbed dose TLD-700 $(^{7}LiF)$ chips were used, and for the neutron dose both Au activation foils and TLD chips (TLD-600 $(^{6}LiF)$ and TLD-700 for the discrimination of gamma-ray contribution) were used. Theoretical assessment of the absorbed dose in the sphere phantom has been carried out in accordance with the Ehrlich's idea that deduced on the basis of Burlin's cavity theory in the case of gamma-ray irradiation. For the analysis of neutron dose fluence-KERMA rate conversion method was used. The explanation on the dose assessment is given in detail. Results obtained were numerically and statistically analyzed and the depth dose distributions are presented in the graphic forms with normalized values. In the concluding remarks, the possibility and difficulty of realizing the index quantity, including questions and problems to be solved are mentioned.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.49 no.8
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• pp.1752-1757
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• 2017

The aim of this study is to evaluate the radioactivity levels and radiological impacts of representative black sand samples collected from different locations in the Rashid area, Egypt. These samples were prepared and then analyzed using the high-resolution gamma ray spectroscopy technique with a high-purity germanium detector. The activity concentration ($A_c$), minimum detectable activity, absorbed gamma dose rate, external hazard index ($H_{ex}$), annual effective dose rate equivalent, radium equivalent, as well as external and internal hazard index ($H_{ex}$ and $H_{in}$, respectively) were estimated based on the measured radionuclide concentration of the $^{238}U$($^{226}Ra$) and $^{232}Th$ decay chains and $^{40}K$. The activity concentrations of the $^{238}U$, $^{232}Th$ decay series and $^{40}K$ of these samples varied from $45.11{\pm}3.1Bq/kg$ to $252.38{\pm}34.3Bq/kg$, from $64.65{\pm}6.1Bq/kg$ to $579.84{\pm}53.1Bq/kg$, and from $403.36{\pm}20.8Bq/kg$ to $527.47{\pm}23.1Bq/kg$, respectively. The activity concentration of $^{232}Th$ in Sample 1 has the highest value compared to the other samples; this value is also higher than the worldwide mean range as reported by UNSCEAR 2000. The total absorbed gamma dose rate and the annual effective dose for these samples were found to vary from 81.19 nGy/h to 497.81 nGy/h and from $99.86{\mu}Sv/y$ to $612.31{\mu}Sv/y$, which are higher than the world average values of 59 nGy/h and $70{\mu}Sv/y$, respectively. The $H_{ex}$ values were also calculated to be 3.02, 0.47, 0.63, 0.87, 0.87, 0.51 and 0.91. It was found that the calculated value of $H_{ex}$ for Sample 1 is significantly higher than the international acceptable limit of <1. The results are tabulated, depicted, and discussed within national and international frameworks, levels, and approaches.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.146-155
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• 2020

This study was to evaluate the usefulness of gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) as a surrogate marker predicting metabolic syndrome. 7,155 non obese men over the age of 20 were studied as subjects. The criteria for diagnosing MetS were the National Cholesterol Education Program - Third Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP III). The risk of developing MetS according to GGT was conducted logistic regression analysis, and the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve was obtained to confirm GGT ability to predict the risk of MetS. Regardless of age and body mass index, MetS had a 7.09 times higher risk of onset in the fourth quartile than in the first quartile of GGT (p<0.001). The AUC (area under the curve) of GGT for the diagnosis of MetS was 0.715, and the cutoff value of GGT was 40.0 U/L, the sensitivity was 65.0%, and the specificity was 70.2%. Therefore, GGT is considered to be a useful diagnostic index for diagnosing MetS.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.648-667
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• 2002

This was a descriptive study designed to identify the level of coping method and its influencing factors on the family caregivers of demented patients, and resolve the family caregivers' level of stress. The data were collected from September 10 to October 10, 2001. Subjects for this study were recruited from four clinics, which were chosen from 15 clinics located in Chunbuk-Do as the study sites because of their cooperation for the study. They were similar in terms of size, the characteristics of the local community. and the population and registration status of the demented patients. The instruments used for the study were as follows: 1. Problematic behaviors of demented patients are measured by the Memory and Behavior Problem Checklist (Zarit, 1980), and the Linguistic Communication Symptoms Questionnaire (Bayles and Tomoeda, 1991) 2. The ability to carry out daily activities was measured using the Barthel Index (1965) and Katz Index (1963), which as well-known ADL assessment methods. 3. Burden was measured using Cost of Care Index by the Kosberg and Cairl (1986). 4. Coping strategy was measured Bell's 18 methods (1977). The data were analyzed using SPSS/PC. The study results were as follows: 1. The total stress score was 2.90 out of a maximum score of 5. The highest score reported was 3.09 on the dimension of restriction of individual and social activities, and the lowest region reported was 2.58 on the dimension of mental and physical health. 2. The total score of the coping method was 2.65 out of a maximum score of 5. The highest score reported was 4.01 on the dimension of thinking that includes an ideation such that it is better than any possible worst case, and the lowest score reported was 1.45 on the dimension of the self-image as a scapegoat. 3. There were significant differences in coping method among the subjects by age (F=2.752 p=0.04), caregiver (F=4.33 p=0.003), care-giving period (F=2.68 p=0.049), and dementia stage (F=2.87 p=0.034). 4. There were highly negative correlations ($\gamma$=-0.301 p=0.000) between problematic behaviors of demented patients and the coping method of their family caregivers. The highest correlation coefficient ($\gamma$=-0.339 p=0.000) was found between aggressive behaviors of the demented patients and the coping method of their family caregivers. 5. There was a low negative correlation ($\gamma$=-0.201 p=0.019) between the ADL of the demented patients and the coping method of their family caregivers. 6. There were highly negative correlations ($\gamma$=-0.213 p=0.005) between stress and the coping method of the family caregivers. The highest correlation was found between financial burden ($\gamma$=-.327 P=.000) and the coping method of the family caregivers. There was no significant correlation among unpleasant aspects of the demented patients, willingness to the demented patients, and the coping method of the family caregivers.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.27 no.3 s.90
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• pp.237-241
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• 1999

To search for less toxic antiviral agents from Basidiomycetes, the water soluble components (=EA), were isolated from the carpophores of Elfvingia applanata (Pers.) Karst. Anti-varicella zoster virus (Oka strain; anti-VZV/Oka) activity of EA was examined in MRC-5 cells by plaque reduction assay in vitro. And the combined antiviral effects of EA with interferon (IFN) alpha or IFN gamma were examined on the multiplication of VZV/Oka. EA exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in the plaque formation of VZV/Oka with 50% effective concentration $(EC_{50})$ of $464.14\;{\mu}g/ml$. The results of the combination assay were evaluated by the combination index (CI) that was calculated by the multiple drug effect analysis. The combination of EA with IFN alpha showed partially synergistic or additive effects with CI values of $0.83{\sim}1.09$ for 50%, 70%, 90% effective levels, and those with IFN gamma showed antagonism with CI values of $1.20{\sim}1.24$.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.179-184
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• 2011

Objective : The aim of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic effects of gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) in patients with multiple brain metastases and to investigate prognostic factors related to treatment outcome. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed clinico-radiological and dosimetric data of 36 patients with 4-14 brain metastases who underwent GKRS for 264 lesions between August 2008 and April 2011. The most common primary tumor site was the lung (n=22), followed by breast (n=7). At GKRS, the median Karnofsky performance scale score was 90 and the mean tumor volume was 1.2 cc (0.002-12.6). The mean prescription dose of 17.8 Gy was delivered to the mean 61.1% isodose line. Among 264 metastases, 175 lesions were assessed for treatment response by at least one imaging follow-up. Results : The overall median survival after GKRS was $9.1{\pm}1.7$ months. Among various factors, primary tumor control was a significant prognostic factor ($11.1{\pm}$1.3 months vs. $3.3{\pm}2.4$ months, p=0.031). The calculated local tumor control rate at 6 and 9 months after GKRS were 87.9% and 84.2%, respectively. Paddick's conformity index (>0.75) was significantly related to local tumor control. The actuarial peritumoral edema reduction rate was 22.4% at 6 months. Conclusion : According to our results, GKRS can provide beneficial effect for the patients with multiple (4 or more) brain metastases, when systemic cancer is controlled. And, careful dosimetry is essential for local tumor control. Therefore, GKRS can be considered as one of the treatment modalities for multiple brain metastase.