• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.E2
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• pp.49-56
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• 2006

This pilot study focuses on emissions characterization of air pollutants produced from incineration of some municipal solid wastes (MSWs). The MSWs incinerated by an electric furnace maintained up to $600^{\circ}C$ included food, paper, and plastic wastes. The pollutants analyzed in this study included concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), bottom ash contents, and heavy metals extracted from the bottom ash of each waste. The VOCs identified were classified based on their chemical structure. The total emissions of VOCs produced from incineration of the papers were identified as the highest followed by those from the plastics and the food wastes. Aliphatic alkenes were major VOC compounds produced from incineration of plastic or food wastes, while furans were major VOCs produced from incineration of papers. The second major VOCs produced from incineration of food, plastics, and papers were aromatics. In particular, hazardous air pollutants such as benzene were produced with considerable amount of emission concentration. The bottom ash contents of papers were usually much higher than those of food or plastic wastes. The bottom ash contents produced from incineration of food and plastics were much lower than those of other MSWs. In analysis of heavy metals extracted by an ultrasonic method from the bottom ashes of the papers, high concentrations of heavy metals were identified from incineration of newspapers and box (cardboard). In addition, it was identified that the general public might be exposed to considerable amounts of lead concentrations during incineration processes and uses of paper cup and from ashes.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.565-570
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• 2001

Soibirhym(Portulace oleracea) was extracted by methanol and its antimicrobial activities against food spoilage or foodborne disease microorganisms were investigated by the paper disc method. The microorganisms used in this experiment included 5 species of bacteria(Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus) and 3 species of fungi(Fusarium solani, Aspergillus flavius, Penicillium citreonigrum). Soibirhym showed high antimicrobial activites against P. citreonigrum, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. Minimum inhibitory concentrations(MICs) on S. aureus, P. citreonigrum and K. pneumoniae were 200, 200 and 250 mg/㎖, respectively. In the methanol extracts from Soibirhym, 147 kinds of compound were separated by GC/MS. The extraction yields of phenolics, furans, alcohols, acids and esters, ketones, aldehydes, and miscellaneous compounds were 7.43%, 6.13%, 2.20%, 41.06%, 9.21%, 0.15% and 1.08%, respectively. Some antimicrobial compounds such as 2,3-dihydro-benzofuran, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy benzeneethanol were detected in the methanol extract.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.513-527
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• 2013

Recently, hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) have been of great concern in Korea, largely due to public awareness on the importance of their impacts on environmental health. A group of HAPs includes a large number of various chemicals such as VOCs, PAHs, PCBs, dioxines, furans, organochlorinated pesticides, and some heavy metals. These groups of pollutants are generally known to have genetic toxicity and to be persistent in the environment. In addition, most of chemicals belong to the category of HAPs are widely distributed not only in air, but also in water and soil environments, and has therefore undergone considerable scrutiny for the last three decades. In this article, environmental implications and management of HAPs in Korea will be reviewed, with a particular emphasis on the monitoring of HAPs in the ambient air. A number of field studies will be introduced, which were recently conducted in large urban and industrial areas. Based on the filed studies, eight pollutants have been suggested to be intensively managed as higher priority pollutants, which are benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, acrolein, trichloroethylene, benzo(a)pyrene, hexa-valent Cr, and $PM_{2.5}$. Finally, future directions for a mega scale project for comprehensive monitoring of ambient atmosphere in large urban areas will be suggested. Such an innovative project is believed to provide more realistic information on the nature of the population exposure, which can not be simply identified by emission inventories or source investigations. Therefore, any strategy for the management of HAPs should be developed by not only emission-based approaches, but also observation-based approaches.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.73-86
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• 2010

The current study was designed to optimize solid phase microextraction (SPME)-GC-MS conditions for extraction and analysis of volatile components for Hanwoo beef and to establish a tentative database of flavor components. Samples were taken from Hanwoo longissimus muscle (30 mon old steer, $1^+B$ carcass grade) at 24 h postmortem. Results indicated that the optimum adsorption time for $75{\mu}m$ CAR/PDMS fiber was 60 min at $60^{\circ}C$. Thermal cleaning at $250^{\circ}C$ for 60 min was the best practice for decontamination of the fiber. A short analysis program with a sharp oven temperature ramp resulted in a better resolution and higher number of measurable volatile components. With these conditions, 96 volatile compounds were identified with little variation including 22 aldehydes, 8 ketones, 31 hydrocarbons, 12 alcohols, 8 nitrogen- and sulfurcontaining compounds, 5 pyrazines and 10 furans. A noticeable observation was the high number of hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and 2-alkylfurans which were generated from lipid decomposition especially the oxidation and degradation of unsaturated and saturate fatty acids. This implies that these compounds can be candidates for flavor specification of highly marbled beef such as Hanwoo flavor.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.102-111
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the use of polyurethane foam disk passive air samplers (PUF PAS) for better measurement of atmospheric polychlorinared dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) concentrations compared to PUF PAS combined with high volume air samplers (HVS). Methods: Air samples were collected by a low volume air sampler (LVS) and PUF PAS. A total of two pairs were continuously collected for six months, but the PUF was replaced every two months. Results: A good correlation was shown ($R^2=0.8595$, p<0.0001) between atmospheric PCDD/Fs concentration measured by the LVS and PUF PAS. The average air sampling rate ($1.5m^3/day-sampler$) of all PCDD/Fs congeners showed a middle of the means which were measured using a HVS by other researchers in different cities. In addition, the air sampling rates of the LVS for each congener made less difference than did those of the HVS. Conclusion: It was found that measurements using the LVS were less influenced by atmospheric peak PCDD/Fs concentrations. However, trace POPs such as PCDD/Fs may involve relatively large analytical errors in measurement, and as a result the air sampling rate of the respective PCDD/Fs isomer is also likely to involve errors. The method of using a regression straight line between the concentrations obtained from the LVS and those from the PUF PAS was judged higher than the method using the air sampling rate, since the former compensated for the experimental errors in the process of evaluation of atmospheric PCDD/F concentrations using the PUF PAS.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.287-292
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• 2013

Reaction of glucose and xylose to secondary hydrolysis of concentrated acid hydrolysis was quantitatively analyzed by $^1H$-NMR spectroscopic method. Anomeric hydrogen, furan and formic acid peaks were selected for quantitative analysis. The glucose was converted to the formic acid and the levulinic acid via the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) but the xylose was converted to the fufural, which further degraded to the formic acid. The conversion to furans was slower for the glucose than the xylose. But the 5-HMF formed from the glucose was unstable in acidic aqueous medium, resulted in fast conversion to the levulinic acid and the formic acid. The furfural was relatively stable than 5-HMF at acidic aqueous medium.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 1999

Two of municipal waste incinerators were selected as surveying facilities to research on the emission of dioxin and precusors. The sampling of flue gas and analysis was performed in the selected facilities. From the result, the emission patterns of dioxin and precusors, their relatership were examined. The toxic equivalency quantity(TEQ) of dioxin concentration was evaluated in two municipal waste incinerators. The 76.24% and 60.84% of total dioxin concentration in A and B incinerator were made up of the penta-, hexa- and hepta-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, respectively. Therefore, to reduce the dioxins in flue gas have to control the formation of furans. The chlorobenzenes and chlorophenols were analyzed in two incinerators. The 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene, penta-, and hexachlorobenzene are discharged and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol are discharged mainly in A and B municipal waste incinerators.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.121-128
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• 1989

Volatile compounds were collected by simultaneous distillation extraction and carbon dioxide method, and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The neutral fraction obtained from the whole steam volatile concentrate 55 kinds of components, phenolic fraction had 4 kinds of components, basic fraction had 13 kinds of components and 10 kinds of components were in acidic fraction. Alcohols, propanols, butanols, octanols, dodecanols etc. and aldehydes, pentanals, hexanal, 2-methyl-1-propanal, heptenal etc. were highly increased after boiled and roasted. And these compounds were contributed to formation of filefish flavor. The molecular ion peak of phenolic fraction was generally appeared in the range 100 to about 160. From the basic fraction, 2-methylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-3,5-di-methylpyrazine and 2-methylpyridine were identified. The contents of basic compounds and furans obtained from the neutral fraction were increased at the higher heating temperature. The flavor of acidic fraction was influenced by the low molecular as isovaleric and valeric acid.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.259-272
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• 2020

Nowadays, two types, Yumhae and Sikhae methods, remained as traditional seafood fermentation methods in Korea. In this study, flavor compounds in two types of salt-fermented fishes made by Yumhae method such as anchovy Engraulidae sp., shrimp Caridea sp., squid Decapodiformes sp., big eyed herring Clupea sp., gizzard shad Dorosoma sp. and hairtail Trichiurus sp., and made by Sikhae method such as Alaska pollack Gadus Chalcogrammus and squid. Volatile compounds detected in all salt-fermented fishes were composed mainly of aldehydes (45), ketones (39), alcohols (45), acids (12), esters (47), N-containing compounds (43), aromatic hydrocarbons (37), S-containing compounds (26), furans (10), and miscellaneous compounds (40) in salt-fermented fishes made by Yumhae method. Meanwhile, alcohols (47), terpenes (38), S-containing compounds (22), carbonyl compounds (19 aldehydes, 18 ketones), esters (13), and acids (14). Aroma-active compounds were identified by Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/olfactometry and aroma extract dilution analysis in salt-fermented anchovy, shrimp and tuna (Thunnini sp.) sauce. Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate (candy/sweet) and 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine (nutty/baked potato-like) were predominant odorants in salt-fermented anchovy, whereas dimethyl trisulfide (cooked cabbage/soy sauce-like), 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine, and (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal (fatty/grainy) in salt-fermented shrimp, and dimethyl trisulfide, 3-methylbutanal (dark chocolate-like), and 3-methylthiopropanal (baked potato-like) in tuna sauce.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Resources Recycling Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.75-82
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• 2005

Pyrolysis of biomass is one of the promising methods to obtain energy and valuable chemical stocks. Fast pyrolysis of Q. acutissima and L. letolepis has been carried out in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor to determine the optimum operating conditions of the pyrolyzer. Effects of reaction temperature, Uo/Umf, L/D ratio, and feed rate have been determined and the optimum conditions are as follows: $T\;=\;400^{\circ}C,\;U_o/U_{mf}\;=\;3.0,\;L/D\;=\;2.0$. Maximum yield of bio-oil was about 55% and the main compositions were carbohydrates, guaiacols, furans, phenols, and syringols. Product gas was consists of CO, $CO_2$, light hydrocarbons and the measured gas yield using the compositions agreed with the calculated value.