• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.222-228
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• 1992

Pleurotus florida was transformed by complementation of auxotrophic mutant using chimeric plasmid containing Flammulina velutipes leu 2 gene and pBR 322 replicon. Mycelial morphology of transformants was grown and compared on mushroom complete and minimal medium. Transformants were mated with monokaryon and their genetic recombination was investigated for the morphology of fruitbody and spore analysis. $Leu^+$ transformant showed same mating type of $A_1B_1$ as to the untransformed mutant. The transformant and the untransformed mutant were mated with monokaryon of which mating type is $A_2B_1$, respectively. Although fruitbody of the untransformed mutant was not produced, $leu^+$ transformant produced fruitbody. Spore analysis showed that leucine requiring spores from fruitbody of $leu^+$ transformant were diminished when compared with those of untransformed mutant.

• Mycobiology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.54-56
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• 2003

Perforated vinyl mulching technique was performed on Pleurotus sajor-caju beds to assess fruitbody formation. Individual fruitbody of P. sajor-caju was transformed into bunch type on vinyl mulching bed. It was effective to grow the mushroom without waterlogging and abortion of small pins on the beds as well as hygienical bed management. A bunch showed 79 fruitbodies and 225 g of weight. Available site for fruiting was reduced up to 20% in comparison of 100% for conventional bed. The color of fruitbody turned on brownish white from treated vinyl mulching bed.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.4 s.79
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• pp.237-245
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• 1996

Esterase isozyme band patterns were compared between the wild strain and commercial strain of Flammulina velutipes. Monospores were isolated from wild strain. ASI4019 and their mating types were determined. We investigated the relationship between pigmentation on the plate and fruitbody color to understand genetic relationship among F. velutipes strains. Dikaryotic strains mated between nonpigmenting strains produced white fruitbodies. However dikaryon obtained from mating between nonpigmenting monokaryon and brown pigmenting monokaryon produced brown fruitbody as the dikaryon obtained from mating of brown pigmenting monokaryons. The white fruitbody from wild strain was distinguished from that of commercial strain. When the nonpigmenting wild monokaryon was mated with commercial monokaryon, pale brown mushroom was produced. The BC1F1 was obtained by mating the above mentioned $F_1$ with commercial monokaryon. Fruitbody color of BC1F1 shared two types; one strain with all pale brown fruitbodies, and the other strain with separated eight pale brown and two mixed type involving pale brown and white fruitbodies.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 1994

Five strains of Pleurotus sajor-caju were collected from some countries including India and Papua New Guinea. Four strains produced brown fruitbody but the other strain from Papua New Guinea produced white fruitbody. Monokaryons obtained from both strains producing brown fruitbody and white fruitbody were mated each other. They showed different mating types such as brown strain of $A_1A_2B_1B_2$ and white strain of $A_3A_4B_3B_4$. DNAs were isolated from mycelia of five strains of P. sajor-caju. Mitochondrial DNA was seperated from nuclear DNA by bisbenzimide-CsCl ultracentrifugation. Digestion of the fungal mitochondrial DNA with Eco RI restriction endonuclease yielded from ten to fourteen fragments. Two strains of the five strains showed different restriction pattern of mitochondrial DNA from the other three strains. Summation of the fragment sizes gave a mitochondrial DNA size of about 60 to 65kb.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.49-59
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• 2004

To establish a genetic relationships of collected Ganoderma strains, mycelium growth according to media and temperature, colony morphology, chlamydospore formation and fruitbody morphology were investigated. For the identification of optimal growth conditions of the strains, five different growth media and four different temperature were tested. GCM (Ganoderma complete medium) at $30^{\circ}C$ was the most effective for mycelial growth of 68 strains with more or less variation. The strains were divided into 28 groups based on their colony shapes, and most of them belong to CM3 or CM8 group. Chlamydospores were observed in the mycelia of 16 strains including ASI 7022 on microscope, but not in most G. lucidum domestic strains, which showed relatively lagging growth on $35^{\circ}C$ in mycelial growth experiment. These results were not similar to those of G. lucidum but those of G. tsugae imported from USA. The strains were cultivated on oak sawdust media to see their fruit body formation. Ninety-seven among 115 strains formed fruitbodies in sawdust cultivation. They showed two forms of fruitbodies, 89.7% of flat type or 10.3% of antler type, although these shapes can be affected by $CO_2$ concentrations. These results suggest that the native strains formerly considered to belong to G. lucidum have to be re-classified with further study.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.27 no.5 s.92
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• pp.322-327
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• 1999

Five white fruitbodies of Ganoderma lucidum found from two different mushroom farms, and the characteristics of atypical fruiting structure formation of these strains were described. The white fruitbodies were spontaneously generated on Quercus-log during the cultivation. They did not differentiate to the normal fruitbodies with pileus, hymenium, stipe and coloration, and fruitbodies remained non-laccateed even after 3 months. Dikaryotic mycelia isolated from the five white fruitbodies differed from wild-type strains in the mycelial growth rate, colony color, and the capacity of atypical fruiting structure (AFS) formation on agar media. These white mutants readily induced brown colored AFSs on the colonies under ventilation and illumination conditions. Both isolates Gl-010 and Gl-011 that were obtained from a normal and white fruitbody, respectively, did not form AFSs in the dark and/or under black light blue (BLB) light illumination, but induced under the visible light. They required dim light for the AFS formation, and the AFS formation was inhibited up to $0.5{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;S^{-1}$ in light intensity. However, the other four isolates induced AFSs even in the dark and BLB illumination, although their parent strain, isolate Gl-030, did not form AFSs under any light conditions. The monokaryotic mycelia derived from basidiospores of the AFSs of the white mutants were compatible with the original culture (dikaryon) on a dual culture.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.25 no.2 s.81
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• pp.111-120
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• 1997

The characteristics of monosporous isolates of winter mushroom [Flammulina velutipes (Curt. ex Fr.)] were investigated to obtain useful breeding materials. Within monokaryons from cultivars which have a white colored fruitbody showed narrow genetic variation, while domestic strains which have a brown colored fruitbody showed wide variation. The mating type of the white strains was A1A2B1B2 genotype, but that of the domestic brown strains were A3A4B3B4. In intra-crossing, the genetic stability of dikaryons mated by monokaryons from white strain was less than that of parents. While in brown strain, dikaryons with high yield and color variation were obtained.

• Mycobiology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.145-150
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• 2003

This study investigated the morphological differences of P. ostreatus grown in the artificial environmental conditions such as humidity, temperature, ventilation, and watering. Oyster mushroom, which was cultivated on artificial environmental condition, was shown to have different morphology of fruitbodies. The optimum $CO_2$ concentration for good morphology of P.ostreatus was 0.3%. But most fruitbody showed the morphologically low qualities in more than 0.5% of $CO_2$ concentration. In the humidity in excess of 80% at $13{\sim}16^{\circ}C$, the best morphology of P. ostreatus was investigated. The growth of fruitbodies of P. ostreatus in the ventilation system was good at the wind velocity ranging from $0.2{\sim}0.5$ fpms and expouring type. In other conditions, P. ostreatus generally showed the morphology closing to malformation.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.209-213
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• 1989

Transformation of an auxotrophic requirement for uracil in Pleurotus florida P101 has been achieved using chimeric vector containing Aspergillus nidulans ans 1, and Neurospora crassa pyr 4 DNA. Protoplasts of $Ura^-$strains of P. florida were incubated with plasmid pDJB3 containing the cloned pyr 4 gene in the presence of polyethylene glycol and $CaCl_2$. Transformants could grow on MMM showing mitotical stability. Southern hybridization analysis of DNA isolated from transformants showed that the Neurospora pyr 4 gene and vector sequence might be integrated into the P. florida chromosomes. As the transformants were monokaryon, each transformant was mated with the other monokaryon. Fruitbody shape of untransformant was eroded type but those of transformants were eroded type, funnel type, plane type and ungrowing cap type.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.1028-1038
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• 2005

To elucidate phylogenetic relationships of Phellinus and its related genera, nuclear internal transcribed spacer and mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences from 65 strains were determined and compared. The combined dataset of two sequences increased informative characters and led to the production of trees with higher levels of resolution. Phylogenetic analysis of the combined dataset revealed thirteen evolutionary lineages and several unresolved species that were together subdivided into two large clusters consisting of oligonucleate species and binucleate species. These results coincided with previous cytological, morphological, and molecular studies. It is newly recognized that the Phellinus linteus complex forms a sister clade to Inonotus, and that Fulvifomes is somehow related to Inocutis. The Phellinus linteus complex of dimitic perennial taxa made an independent clade from Inonotus and suggested that hyphal miticity and fruitbody permanence had enough phylogenetic significance to keep the complex within the traditional genus Phellinus. Taxa lacking setae were clustered into Fulvifomes, Phylloporia, Inocutis, and Fomitiporia, and the first three were closely related sister groups, but Fomitiporia was a genus distantly related to them. Several taxa with branched setae were shown among distantly related genera. Molecular evidence indicated that the ancestral nuclear type could be a binucleate feature, and that there might be parallel gains of branched setae and parallel losses of setae in the Hymenochaetales.