• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.446-455
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• 2020

Objective: Our recent series of laboratory- and large-scale experiments confirmed that under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, sodium metabisulfite (SMB) was effective in preserving nutrients and antioxidant capacity of highly perishable fruit and vegetable discards (FVD). Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine how partial inclusion of SMB-treated FVD in total mixed ration (TMR) influences in vitro ruminal fermentation, whole-tract digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, blood metabolites, and voluntary feed intake of sheep. Methods: The FVD were mixed thoroughly with 6 g SMB/kg wet biomass and kept outdoors under aerobic conditions for 7 days. Four TMRs including four levels of SMB-treated FVD (as-fed basis) at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% (equaling to 0%, 1.9%, 3.8%, and 5.7% on dry matter basis, respectively), were prepared as replacement for corn grain. The ruminal fermentation metabolites were studied using an in vitro gas production test. Four mature male Corriedale sheep were assigned at random to the 4 diets for two separate sub-experiments; i) digestibility trial with four 21-d periods, and ii) voluntary feed intake trial with four 28-d periods. Results: Inclusion of SMB-treated FVD in the TMR tended to quadratically increase partitioning factor. No effect was seen on total-tract digestibility of organic matter, ether extract, crude protein, and acid detergent fiber, except for neutral detergent fiber digestibility that tended to linearly increase with increasing SMB-treated FVD in the TMR. The progressive increase of FVD preserved with SMB in the diet had no effect on nitrogen metabolism. Treatment had no effect on serum antioxidant capacity and blood metabolites assayed. Voluntary feed intake was not impaired by inclusion of SMB-treated FVD in the TMR. Conclusion: It appears that FVD preserved with SMB can be safely incorporated into TMR as replacement of corn grain without impairment of nutrient metabolism and feed intake.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.775-784
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• 1998

This study was conduced to investigate the seasonal variation of dietary intake and quality obtained by 24 hour recall method in Korean adults living in rural area. The mean daily intakes of 4 seasons were 1,692kcal for energy, 63g(14.8% of energy) for protein, 30g(15.7% of energy) for fat, 257g(60.7% of energy) for carbohydrate. Mean daily intakes were significantly highest in winter for most of the nutrients, and lower in summer for energy, fat, calcium, iron. Mena adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall nutritional quality was 0.65 in winter, 0.67 in spring, 0.65 in summer and 0.72 in autumn and nutrient adequacy ratio(NAR) was significantly different fro vitamin C agmong different seasons. Subjects consumed usually 15.3 different foods in winter, 14.5 in summer, 13.9 in spring and 13.7 in autumn. The number of food consumed was positively correlated with intake of most nutrients, especially in autumn. For variety among the five major food groups(grain, meat, dairy, fruit, vegetable) with a dietary diversity scores(DDS) calculated, the average socre of DDS was 3 in all seasons and omitted food groups were usually dariy and fruit. In conclusion, dietary intake and quality of Korean adults were different according to seasons.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.314-318
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• 1997

This study was conducted over eat-nut foods in Andong area to measure the salt concentration and to compare the result with the optimum gustation of salt concentration in usual diets. The results were as follows: 1. Mean salt concentration of eat-nut foods was similar to the optimum salt concentration by sensory evaluation. 2. The salt intake through the menu was about twice of the recommended intake by Korean Food Research. 3. The foods with a large serving size contributed to the increase of salt intake, suggesting that the serving size needs to be adjusted. 4. It is recommended that the consumption of high salt foods needs to be reduced while increasing that of fresh fruit and vegetable in the diet behavior on eat-out foods.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 1988

The survey was carried out to obtain some fundmental data to improve the dietary life and to establish the nutritonal education and policy on inhabitants limed in isle area near by demilitarized zone in Korea. For this, 33 families in the area of Kyodong island located at Kanghwa-Gun, Kyungki province were randomly selected. Trained surveyors visited each house to survey the food and nutritional status in summer during 3 days in August, 1987. The results are summarized as follows ; The number of foods they were taking totalled 17 categories and 134 kinds of which 104 kinds were vegetable foods. The average amount of food intake was 1465.3g per person per day, animal food occupied 9.6% only. The intake amount of fruit among vegetable foods, and fishes, shells, milk and eggs among animal foods was lower than the national average. Each proportion of carbohydrates fat and protein to the total energy intake was 70.4%, 9.7% and 19.9%. The foods they used to take a lot were rice, potatoes. cucumbers, cabbage KIMCHIE and YULMOO KIMCHIE in order of their intake amount. The energy intake was 3064 Kcal which is higher than nutritional requirements, and the energy ratio of cereals to the total energy in take is 76%. If the amount of fat intake is fixed to 20% of total energy intake, the amount of fat intake is 68g, but the actual amount of fat intake was only 33g. With an increase of total energy intake, supply of calcium and vitamin A should be increased much more.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.423-432
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• 2018

Purpose: Cataract is a major cause of a loss of eye sight, and is a critical health issue in an aging society. The oxidative stresses to the lens due to various exterior/interior stimuli leads to degenerative changes of the visual system, resulting in cataract. Therefore, reducing the level of oxidative damage is critical in the prevention of the disease. This study examined the association between the risk of cataract and intake of fruits and vegetables, the major dietary source of antioxidants. Methods: Using the data of Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2012, the intake of fruits and vegetables of 1,332 males (222 cases) and 2,012 females (377 cases) were analyzed, taking into account the cataract phenotype. Their dietary intake was categorized in 6 groups: TV (total vegetables), F (fruits), TVF (TV+F), SV (salted vegetables), NSV (Non-SV), and NSVF (NSV+F). The level of intakes were evaluated referring to the recommendation level of various dietary guidelines. Results: The presence of cataract was associated with some type of fruit and vegetable intake. In males, the controls had more TVF (p < 0.001), TV (p = 0.001), SV (p = 0.012), NSV (p = 0.007), and NSVF (p < 0.001) intake than the cases, and the lower intake of TVF (< 500g), TV (300g), NSV (< 100g), and NSVF (< 400g) increased the risk of cataract by up to 1.7 fold [95% confidence interval: 1.06-2.71]. In females, the controls also had a higher intake of TVF (p < 0.001), TV (p = 0.042), and NSVF (p < 0.001), but the intake of such fruits and vegetables did not predict the meaningful risk of cataract. The intake of SV and F was not associated with the cataract phenotype in either males or females. Conclusion: The intake of fruits and vegetables can modify the risk of cataract in Korean males and a sufficient intake of those could be effective in the prevention of cataract.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.364-371
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• 2005

This study was performed to evaluate effects of dietary variety scores (DVS) and dietary diversity scores (DDS) on the nutritional quality of the diets of Korean college students, and to examine the association between food group intake patterns and nutritional adequacy. This study examined the relationship of dietary diversity scores (DDS), dietary variety scores (DVS), and food group intake patterns with nutrient intakes using 24-hour recall data (n=.358). The .DDS was calculated from the sum of each of the five food groups consumed as a score of 'I'. DVS was determined by counting the number of food items consumed daily. Food group intake patterns were expressed with the presence or omission of five major food groups-dairy, meat, grain, fruit, and vegetable. The four most prevalent food group patterns and the proportion of the population reporting them were as follows; no dairy and fruit, $23\%;\;no\;dairy,\;20\%;$ no dairy, meat, and fruit, $15\%$; all food groups, $14\%$. Even though the DDS or DVS was higher, the majority of this study population failed to meet the Korean RDA for calcium in both genders and iron in women. Higher DVS scores $(\geq31)$, within all DDS groups, were associated with the largest proportion of individuals consuming more than $75\%$ of the Korean RDA for selected nutrients. The consistency of these results indicates that screening diets to evaluate the overall dietary variety and variety among the major food groups including food group intake patterns provide meaningful information about their quality.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.415-424
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• 2014

Objectives: Vegetables are the most left over side dishes in school lunch programs. This study intended to analyze the differences in preference for vegetables among the students of different age groups in order to determine potential ways of increasing vegetable consumption in this study group. Methods: A total of 308 primary to university students in Gyeongbuk area were recruited and a questionnaire-based survey was conducted. The preference score (7-Likert scale: very much dislike (1)~so-so (4)~like very much (7)) and intake frequency (5-Likert scale) of 48 kinds of vegetables in 4 vegetable groups, such as vegetable (fruit-, root-, leaf-, and stalk-vegetable), seaweeds, mushrooms, and kimchi were investigated, and data were analyzed by SPSS WIN (ver 12.0). Results: The preference scores of vegetables except for seaweeds were significantly different among school groups, university was the highest, followed by high school. Primary and middle school students showed the lowest preference score, especially for leaf- and stalk- vegetables. The preference score for seaweeds was the highest of 5.28, followed by kimchi of 4.99. With regard to kimchis, the preference score was the highest in university', followed by high school, middle school, and primary school' was the lowest. The number of vegetables with < 4.0 preference score was the highest in primary school of 16, 15 in middle school, 11 in high school, and 7, the lowest in university. The vegetable with preference score of < 4.0 in all 4 school groups were mallow, chard, bud, radish leaf, mugwort, butterbur and sweet potato stalk. With regard to the intake frequency of vegetables, kimchis, an indispensable part of the Korean diet, was the highest of 2 times/day, followed by cooked vegetables of 1.5 times/day. The correlation coefficients between preference scores and intake frequencies were statistically significant in all groups of vegetables. As for the coefficient of variation (CV) of preference score, primary school' was the highest and university' was the lowest. The number of vegetables with high CV and high inexperience were highest in primary school students. Conclusions: Providing more opportunities for consuming a variety of vegetables, such as leaf- and stalk-vegetable, it may be possible to increase vegetable consumption, especially for the primary school students.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.560-571
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine composition of food groups appropriate for the evaluation of the quality of total diet or food guide, using the data from the 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Twenty-four-hour-dietary recalls of total 1,110 Korean adolescents aged 13 - 19 years (male 543, female 567) were analyzed for food group consumed (Dietary Diversity Score, DDS), intake patterns of food group, mean index of nutritional quality (mINQ) and nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR). Considering Korean food pattern different from the Americans, this study is to check if Korean 5 food groups with both of oil & sugar group and vegetable & fruit group, and a minimum amount of 30 g in grain group and 15 g in meat group modified from Kant's minimum amount, 15 g in grain and 30 g in meat, could also be appropriate for the diet evaluation of Korean adolescents. Combination of food group and minimum food intake per each food group used in the first trial were categorized into 6 kinds of types: 1) American 5 food groups with Kant's minimum amount as control or 2) American 5 food groups with modified Kant's minimum amount 3) Korean 5 food groups excluded by sugar with the modified amount 4) Korean 5 food groups with modified amount 5) American food groups added oil group with the modified amount 6) American food groups added oil & sugar group with the modified amount. In case of oil group or oil and sugar group, 5 g was quoted for the minimum amount. Correlation between DDS and indices of other diet quality in each type of food group composition were analyzed and the best food group composition was traced by comparing the correlation coefficients of DDS and mINQ or MARs at ${\alpha}\;<\;0.01$. There was no meaningful difference in weight length index of the subjects of eating or not-eating oil or oil & sugar, while the values of mINQ showed higher in the subjects eating oil but no difference in the subjects eating oil & sugar, compared to the group not-eating, respectively. In comparison of type 1 and type 2, correlation between DDS and indices of other diet quality showed higher in type 1 using Kant's amount. And comparing the type of a combined group of fruit & vegetable (type 3 and 4) and the type of separated group of fruit and vegetable (type 5 and 6). six groups of separated vegetable and fruit showed the higher correlation of DDSs and indices of diet quality. In case of being classified into six groups with oil, DDS showed correlation of r = 0.293 with INQ. While, being classified into six groups with oil & sugar instead of oil only, DDS showed correlation of r = 0.249 with INQ. Accordingly the type 5 with oil is regarded as the better food group type than the type 6 with oil & sugar. Since better result was shown in the composition of six groups with Kant's minimum amount, the comparative analysis on both of type1 with oil and oil & sugar was finally performed. Then oil added type 1 showed higher correlation of DDS and indices of diet quality. These result indicated that it would be more appropriate to use six food groups with separate vegetable and fruit including oil group (oil-added type 1) rather than oil & sugar group for evaluation of dietary quality of Korean adolescents using DDS.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.748-760
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• 2019

This study examined the difference of dietary intake behavior between groups of adults aged >20 years with or without dyslipidemia, and comparing the various types of dyslipidemia, based on the Seventh (2016) KNHANES. Men showed higher rate for triglyceridemia and LDL-cholesterolemia than women and subjects in the age group 50-59 years exhibited the highest incidence of triglyceridemia, total cholesterolemia and HDL-cholesterolemia. The ratio of obese people was higher in most types of dyslipidemias. The top five foods in each group of cereal & grain, meat, vegetable, and fruit were selected for analysis, based on the food frequency. The dyslipidemia group showed higher intake frequencies for mixed grains, cabbage kimchi and leafy vegetable than the no-dyslipidemia group, and the group with high blood total cholesterol for mixed grains, apple, and cutlassfish-croaker. Group with high blood triglyceride showed higher intake frequencies of rice and mackerel-mackerel pike than the other groups of high blood triglyceride. No food showed significant difference in the frequencies between groups of LDL-cholesterol. Group with high blood HDL-cholesterol showed higher intake frequency of bibim-fried rice, deep fried chicken, stir fried chicken, apple, tangerine, banana and butter-margarine. These results indicate that people with high levels of blood total cholesterol are more concerned with food having health benefits than those with abnormal levels of other blood lipid. More information on dietary benefits need to be provided to patients having high levels of triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.328-334
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between nutrient intake and bone mineral density (BMD) of elderly women in Daegu, Korea. In this study, the bone mineral densities of 101 elderly women in Daegu were measured, and their nutrient intake, dietary habits, and maternal factors were determined through a survey. The subjects were divided into the normal group, the osteopenia group, and osteoporosis group to find out if there is a correlation between bone mineral density and maternal factors, dietary habits, and nutrient intake through their T-scores, analyzed according to the standards of WHO. Classification by T-scores of the participants were the normal group 25.7%, the osteopenia group 39.6%, the osteoporosis group 34.7%. Menopause age of the osteoporosis group was lower, postmenopausal period was longer, and last delivery age was significantly higher than the normal group (p<0.05). Osteoporosis group had a lower percentage of 'everyday' fruit and vegetable intakes and higher percentage of 'never' dairy intake than of the normal group. Vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, and vitamin $B_2$ intakes of participants in the osteoporosis group were lower than those in the normal group (p<0.05). In conclusion, nutritional education is necessary to encourage high intake of milk and vegetables and fruits along with calcium, vitamin A, $B_1$, and $B_1$ intakes and low intake of sodium for the prevention of elderly women's osteoporosis.