• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.135-153
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• 2001

Internet business is transforming the current structure and way of shopping behaviors. As a frontier area of internet business, internet shopping mall industry is influenced by this trend. In this shopping situation, shopping objects and information on the object are separated, which makes consumers to decide on the contents and marketing function offered by the shopping mall. This study proposes an integrated model including the influencing factors on customer royalty in Internet shopping environments. Eight hypotheses are proposed based on previous research in Internet marketing and information systems. The results are quite supporting the model and hypotheses. The contents structure, marketing activities, and customer satisfaction in the internet shopping environment influence shopping experience, next purchases and reference to other people. The proposed model and empirical results would contribute to setting up strategy of Internet shopping mall industry, and also to future research in information systems and Internet marketing.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.79-91
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• 2024

In symmetric cryptography, a cryptographically secure Substitution-Box (S-Box) is a key component of a block cipher. S-Box adds a confusion layer in block ciphers that provide resistance against well-known attacks. The generation of a cryptographically secure S-Box depends upon its generation mechanism. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for the construction of cryptographically secure S-Boxes. This framework uses a combination of linear fractional transformation and permutation functions. S-Boxes security is analyzed against well-known security criteria that include nonlinearity, bijectiveness, strict avalanche and bits independence criteria, linear and differential approximation probability. The S-Boxes can be used in the encryption of any grayscale digital images. The encrypted images are analyzed against well-known image analysis criteria that include pixel changing rates, correlation, entropy, and average change of intensity. The analysis of the encrypted image shows that our image encryption scheme is secure.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• 제2호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2004

The objective of our research was an international comparison focusing on studies conducted on parks and green spaces undertaken in Japan and Korea. We also aim to clarify the similarities and differences between the two countries and consider the key features of the researches on the field of landscape architecture. We compared the recent trends of Japanese institute with Korean observed in the theme of research papers adopt title of them. The research period spanned approximately twenty years, from 1980 to 2003. We employed the Table of Contents information search system to research academic journal articles and to select the journals that included articles with the key words [park(s)] or [green space(s)] in their title. We chronologically arranged the journals for each country, based on the total number of journals and classification categories. We then conducted a comparative examination among the two countries. We also contributed information on the circumstances behind the formulation or amendment of some policies and laws and we checked the results against the research trend. Among the selected journals, the number of papers was the highest by the Institute of Landscape Architecture. But the reason for increase of the number of papers on green spaces in Japanese journals was not published by the Institute of Landscape Architecture but by the City Planning Institute and the Architecture Institute. In Japan, the papers on parks categorized under historical study were the highest among all categories. On the other hand, in Korean journals, papers on parks categorized under historical study were few. A similar trend was recognized in papers on green spaces. Every society is concerned with the study of function and effect. However, some exact differences have been observed by category classification. In Japan, the percentage of function and effect papers on parks was less than those on green spaces. In Korea, both percentages for these groups were high. The category of system and policy accounted for $17\%$ of the papers on green spaces in Korea. This result was higher than the number of papers on green spaces and parks in Japan and parks in Korea. Recently, the number of papers focusing on large-scale green space system has decreased in Japan. The trend in the study of parks and green spaces on a regional scale or at an individual level will be closely monitored. Systems and modeling studies have been focusing in Korea. The understanding between the administration and the citizens was peculiar to each country.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.499-520
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• 2013

기존 연구에서는 이산화탄소의 한계저감비용을 추정할 경우 쌍대성 이론에 근거하여 임의로 설정된 하나의 방향성 벡터(directional vector) 설정하였으나 본 연구에서는 이러한 한계를 극복하고자 다양한 형태의 방향성 벡터를 사용하여 이산화탄소의 한계저감비용을 추정하였다. 기존의 방법론에서는 임의로 설정된 방향성 벡터가 한계저감비용 추정에 결정적인 역할을 하여 선택된 방향성 벡터에 따라 한계저감 비용 추정치가 상당한 차이가 있음을 알 수 있다. 그리고 $45^{\circ}$의 방향성 벡터를 설정하는 경우에는 실제 이산화탄소 배출량 수준과는 다른 배출량 수준에서의 한계저감비용을 추정하게 되지만 본 연구에서 제안한 방법론에 의하여 추정된 한계저감비용은 실제 이산화탄소 배출량 수준에서 한계저감비용을 추정하여 보다 더 현실을 정확하게 반영하는 추정치이다. 새로운 방법론을 서유럽 국가에 적용하여 추정한 이산화탄소의 한계저감비용은 기존 방법론을 사용하는 경우에 비하여 적은 것으로 추정되었다.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.581-605
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• 2021

본 연구의 목적은 전통적 에너지효율의 지표인 에너지원단위(Energy Intensity)를 넘어 확률적 프런티어 접근으로 우리나라의 지역별 에너지효율성을 추정하고 이를 에너지효율 개선을 위한 기초적 자료로 제공하고자 함이다. 이를 위해 1998 - 2018년 기간 동안의 우리나라 16개 시·도의 에너지효율성 및 에너지원단위 효율성을 확률적 거리함수를 활용하여 추정한다. 부가적으로 선행연구에서 혼재하고 있는 자본스톡 추계방법들에 따른 에너지효율성 순위의 강건성을 살펴본다. 분석 결과 첫째, 세 가지 에너지효율의 지표에 따라 지역의 순위에 상당한 변동이 있었으므로 이들을 상호보완적으로 사용해야 할 것이다. 둘째, 에너지효율성은 시간이 지남에 따라 미미하지만 조금씩 개선된 반면, 에너지원단위 효율성은 미미하지만 하락했다. 마지막으로 자본스톡 추계방법에 따른 지역별 에너지효율성은 강건하지 않았다. 경제분석에서 중요한 자본스톡 추정 시 신중을 기해야 할 것이다.

• 무역학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.137-159
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• 2017

본 연구는 한중일과 OECD 가입국을 포함한 총 18개국의 제조업을 11개 부문으로 구분하여 각 국의 산업별 기술적 효율성을 추정하고 비교 분석하였다. 생산성의 전통적인 관점은 기술혁신이나 공정혁신 등을 통해 생산능력을 높이는 것이지만 생산과정의 기술적 효율성에 의해서 가장 큰 영향을 받게 되는데 이러한 생산의 기술적 효율성을 추정하는 대표적인 방법이 확률적 프런티어 생산모형(Stochastic Frontier Production Model: SFM)을 이용한 분석 방법이다. 먼저 산출변수를 총산출 또는 부가가치로 각각 설정하여 확률적 프런티어 생산함수를 추정한 결과, 둘 다 노동, 자본, 중간재 투입의 경우 모든 제조업 부문에서 투입량이 늘어날수록 산출량이 유의하게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 연구개발 투자는 화학, 전자, 기계 산업 등에서 산출량에 미치는 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이어서 생산함수를 통해 기술적 효율성을 추정한 결과를 보면, 산출변수를 총산출로 설정한 경우 부문별 전체 평균이 0.8이상의 값을 보이면서 대부분 높은 수준의 효율성을 나타내었다. 하지만 부가가치로 설정한 경우에는 일본이 대부분의 제조업 부문에서 가장 높은 수준을 나타내었으며, 다른 국가들은 총산출 기준의 효율성보다 낮은 수준으로 나타났다. 한중일 3개국을 비교해보면, 대부분의 제조업 부문에서 일본이 가장 높은 효율성을 나타내었으며 우리나라는 일본의 절반이나 3분의 1 수준, 중국은 우리나라 보다 낮은 수준으로 나타났다. 하지만 식품과 전자 부문에서는 중국이 우리나라보다 높게 나타나 이들 부문에서는 중국의 생산 효율성이 크게 향상되었음을 알 수 있다. 이처럼 우리나라는 중국의 빠른 성장에 비해 상대적으로 일본과의 격차를 좁히지 못하고 있으므로 산업별로 기술개발을 촉진하는 다양한 정책적 지원이 요구된다. 이와 함께 제조업 생산성 향상을 위해서는 기술개발뿐만 아니라 기술적 효율성을 제고할 수 있는 경제구조로의 전환도 필요하다고 할 수 있다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.207-218
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• 2013

Long term outcomes after liver transplantation are major determinants of quality of life and of the value of this heroic treatment. As short term outcomes are excellent, our community is turning to take a harder look at long term outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to review these outcomes, and highlight proposed treatments, as well as pressing topics needing to be studied. A systemic review of the English literature was carried in PubMed, covering all papers addressing long term outcomes in pediatric liver transplant from 2000-2013. Late outcomes after pediatric liver transplant affect the liver graft in the form of chronic liver dysfunction. The causes include rejection particularly humoral rejection, but also de novo autoimmune hepatitis, and recurrent disease. The metabolic syndrome is a major factor in long term cardiovascular complication risk. Secondary infections, kidney dysfunction and malignancy remain a reality of those patients. There is growing evidence of late cognitive and executive function delays affecting daily life productivity as well as likely adherence. Finally, despite a good health status, quality of life measures are comparable to those of children with chronic diseases. Long term outcomes are the new frontier in pediatric liver transplantation. Much is needed to improve graft survival, but also to avoid systemic morbidities from long term immunosuppression. Quality of life is a new inclusive measure that will require interventions and innovative approaches respectful not only on the patients but also of their social circle.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.265-272
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• 1998

인터페이스 디자인(Interface Design)을 제작하는 디자이너는 그 정보를 사용자 입장에서 쉽고 빠르게 얻을 수 있게하는 기능성과 심미성을 적절히 조합하여 기능성이 강조된 진보적인 인포메이션 디자인(Inforrnation Design)을 하는 것이다. 그러므로 인터페이스 디자인 작업은 디자이너의 입장이 아닌 사용자 입장이어야 하며, 사용자의 'NEED'를 반영하고 충족시키는 정보전달을 최우선 하는 디자인이 되어야 할 것이다. 본 논문은 지금까지 정립되어있지 않은 인터페이스 디자인의 시각적인 화면(Screen Layout) 구성요소 중 필자가 선정한 10가지의 소재(Visual Elements)를, 디자이너의 입장에서 심미성을 치우쳐 시각적인 아름다움을 강조하여 자칫 인터페이스 디자인의 기본되는 기능성을 배제하는 오류를 범하는 상황을 조금이나마 축소할 수 있는 기능성을 찾아보려 한다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.124-130
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• 2012

An injection mold cooling circuit for an automotive front bumper was optimally designed in order to simultaneously minimize the average of the standard deviations of the temperature and the difference in mean temperatures of the upper and lower molds for uniform cooling. The temperature distribution for a specified design was evaluated by Moldflow Insight 2010, a commercial injection molding analysis tool. For efficient design, PIAnO (Process Integration, Automation and Optimization), a commercial PIDO tool, was used to integrate and automate injection molding analysis procedure. The weighted-sum method was used to handle the multi-objective optimization problem and PQRSM, a function-based sequential approximate optimizer equipped in PIAnO, to handle numerically noisy responses with respect to the variation of design variables. The optimal average of the standard deviations and difference in mean temperatures were found to be reduced by 9.2% and 56.52%, respectively, compared to the initial ones.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.134-139
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• 2011

The problem of scheduling in permutation flowshops has been extensively investigated by many researchers. Recently, attempts are being made to consider more than one objective simultaneously and develop algorithms to obtain a set of Pareto-optimal solutions. Varadharajan et al. (2005) presented a multi-objective simulated-annealing algorithm (MOSA) for the problem of permutation-flowshop scheduling with the objectives of minimizing the makespan and the total flowtime of jobs. The MOSA uses two initial sequences obtained using heuristics, and seeks to obtain non-dominated solutions through the implementation of a probability function, which probabilistically selects the objective of minimizing either the makespan or the total flowtime of jobs. In this paper, the same problem of heuristically developing non-dominated sequences is considered. We propose an effective heuristics based on simulated annealing (SA), in which the weighted sum of the makespan and the total flowtime is used. The essences of the heuristics are in selecting the initial sequence, setting the weight and generating a solution in the search process. Using a benchmark problem provided by Taillard (1993), which was used in the MOSA, these conditions are extracted in a large-scale experiment. The non-dominated sets obtained from the existing algorithms and the proposed heuristics are compared. It was found that the proposed heuristics drastically improved the performance of finding the non-dominated frontier.