• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.196-200
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• 2004

This study was conducted to compare the root weight, yield, quality of fresh and red ginseng roots and crude saponin content in roots between fixing light transmittance(Control) and changing light transmittance(C.L.T.) during the ginseng growing seasons. The root weight in C.L.T. was higher than control by $35{\%}$ in early growth stage, $28{\%}$ in middle growth stage and $26{\%}$ in late growth stage in 6 years old ginseng plant. Root yield per 10a in C.L.T. was increased about $40{\%}$ as compared with that of control, also 1st and 2nd grade of fresh ginseng roots in C.L.T. was higher $(50.3{\%})$ compared with that $(12.9{\%})$ of control. The specific gravity of ginseng roots grown under the C.L.T. was exhibited the sig­nificant difference than control during the growing season in 4 and 6 years old ginseng plants. Red ginseng quality in C.L.T. was not only improved remarkably due to the increasement of heaven and earth grade red ginseng but also increased in crude saponin content than control. Therefore it needs to change the light transmittance(increasing light dur­ing low temperature periods and decreasing light during high temperature period) during the growing season for high yield and good qualities of ginseng roots.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.171-174
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• 1985

Panax ginseng root has been widely used as an important drug for thousands years in China, Korea and Japan. The main effective components of ginseng have been believed to be saponins. However, ginseng cultivation is very difficult and needs many years for growth. It has already been shown that Panax ginseng callus produces a considerable amount of the same kinds of saponins as in intact plants. Various culture conditions were examined for increased production of ginseng saponins by cell culture. The saponin contents and the growth rates in two cell lines of ginseng callus were compared in static and suspension cultures, rotary and reciprocal shaking cultures. It was shown that the growth rate in rotary shaking cultures of D5-B2K-B2K callus was the highest and ginseng saponin production was most effective in reciprocal cultures of D5-B2K-B2K callus. The saponin content per fresh weight of the culture was 1.03 times higher than that of the fresh ginseng root.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.23 no.2 s.54
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• pp.67-73
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• 1999

This study carried out to scanning and select the antimicrobial pharmaceuticals which were suppress the rottening of fresh ginseng. We are isolated 20 kinds of microorganisms from rotten ginseng. In these of the microorganisms, five bacteria, fresh ginseng root-rottening, are identified to Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas putida biotype A, Bacillus spp, Enterobacter cloacae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Particularly. Bacillus spp was rapidly rotted the ginseng root, compared with the others. The antimicrobial activity were tested with 19 kinds of water extracts, and 34 kinds of essential oils. The water extract of Terminaliae Fructus, and Schiandra chinensis are strongly inhibited the growth of bacteria causing the ginseng root-rottening. And 5 kind of essential oils are inhibited bacteria. It was regarded that the water extract of Terminaliae Fructus has weekly water insoluble and polar antimicrobial components.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.16-30
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• 1980

In order to increase the production of ginseng, a cultural experiment was carried out under different types of natural forest condition. Seedlings were transplanted with three spacing (70,90 and plants per 1.62m2) under the broad leaved, needle and mixed forest. The obtained results are as follows. 1 Growth of aerial part of ginseng plant. 1) Vegetative growth under forest condition of very poor as compared with ordinary cultivation, but there was no significant in number of leaf and teasel. 2) Stem diameter and stem length under the different forest types were a little difference. However petiole length and number of leafet showed an increasing trend in broad leaved forest as compared with other forest types. 3) The withering date of aerial part of ginseng plant in the needle forest was later than of others. 2. Fresh weight of ginseng root per plant was decreasing in the order of broad leaved forest, needle and mixed forest, needle and sized forest respectively. However the root weight was much smaller than that of ordinary cultivated one. 3. No big difference was observed in the growth of both aerial and root among the planting density 4. Nitrogen content in ginseng root under forest was lower, but calcium content In root was higher than that of ordinary one. 5. Fat and fiber content of ginseng root under forest showed higher than that of ordinary one. 6. The saponin content of ginseng root grown under forest condition was higher than that of ordinary ginseng root. According to high performance liquid chromatogram of saponin, only difference from ordinary cultivated ginseng root was that ginsenoside Re showed higher peak than ginsenoside Rg1.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 1982

In this study it was found that the enzyme activities of diseased ginseng contributed greatly on the development of its root-rot disease. The 4i sensed ginseng showed higher activities of $\alpha$-amylase, p amylase, invertase, catalase, and cellulase than those of fresh one. The increased enzyme activities of diseased ginseng were originated in those from infected pathogens, which showed a proportional relationship between enzyme activities and root-rot power of them. The increases of enzyme activities during incubation of inoculated ginseng could be considerably depressed by controlling culture environments as to temperature below 4$^{\circ}C$, pH 8-9, and relative humidity about 60%, Some metal ions and organic reagents also inhibited the enzyme activities of diseased ginseng. But their inhibitory effects were not so great that they might be used to protect the disease.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 1983

This study was conducted to investigate distribution of free sugas in the ginseng plant and change of free sugar content in dried ginseng with various drying conditions. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The total free sugar content is about 1% in the root and about 2% in the upland portions. Sucrose which accounts 80% in those free sugars, is 0.91% in main body 0.90% in raw ginseng, 0.74% in latheral root, 0.67% in head, 0.57% in skin, 0.64% in leaves, and 0.35% in steins. 2. Sucrose content is 3.3~4.6% in the ginseng root dried at temperature of 3$0^{\circ}C$ and 0.5 ~ 1% in the root dried it at temperature of 50-9$0^{\circ}C$. 3. Maltose was not present in fresh ginseng or dried ginseng which was dried under the t, but it was produced dried at the temperature above 5$0^{\circ}C$, it was 0.5% at 5$0^{\circ}C$, 1.49 %. at 7$0^{\circ}C$, and 4.03% at 9$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. This sugar Height be produced by endogenous saccharifying enzymes.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.124-134
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• 1984

Ginseng root starch, prepared by conventional method, contained crude lipid of 0.5%, crude protein of 0.4%, crude mineral of 0.17% and phosphorous of 12.5mg% as noncarbohydrate constituents. The amylose content of ginseng root starch picked in Summer (May to August) and Winter (November to March) was 32-35% and 15-20%, respectively, and it was decreased with a growing preiod of ginseng. The blue value, alkali number and ferricyanide number of the starch were 0.14-0.17, 8.50 and 0.781, respectively. The molecular weight of amylose in the starch was estimated to be 1.27-7.95${\times}$105 by means of periodate oxidation, and the degree of branching and glucose unit per segment of amylopectin were 3.50-3.53% and 28.3-28.5, respectively, The starch content of ginseng root was decreased when dried under sunlight and stored at 5$^{\circ}C$ for twenty days. In contrast, sucrose content in the root was increased from 3.8% in fresh state to 11.5% during storage at the above condition. In the other hand, starch was converted to maltose by heating at temperature above 70$^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.287-290
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• 1995

This study was conducted to elucidate the effect of physical properties of soil in nursery bed with different densities on growth of ginseng seedling. Stem length, leaf length and leaf width of ginseng seedling showed the decreasing tendency with increasing the hardness of the nursery soil. Fresh root weight per seedling and number of available seedlings were increased significantly with decrease of the soil hardness. For solid, liquid phases, bulk density and hardness of soil, negative correlations were shown in stem length, leaf length, leaf width, root weight per seeding, and number t of available seedlings. On the other hand, gas phase, air permeability and porosity of soil had positive correlations with stem length, leaf length, leaf width, root weight per seedling and number of available seedlings. Key words Yang-Jik nursery, ginseng seedling, soil physical properties.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.995-1002
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• 2018

Hairy root culture of ginseng is industrially prospected because the cultivation period of ginseng is relatively long. In this study, the effect of medium concentration and sucrose concentration on hairy root culture of ginseng was evaluated. The optimization of ginseng hairy roots transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogene were performed liquid medium. The MS(Murashinge & Skoog basal medium) concentration was selected with 1/2 strength MS and the optimal sucrose concentration was determined at 2-3%(w/v). At the optimum culture condition, The yield (the ratio of weight of grown hairy root cultures to weight of fresh ginseng hairy roots) and production rate of ginseng root were 19.42 times and 5.73 g/l-day. The major ginsenosides were Rb group, Re and Rg1. The produced total ginsenoside content in the solid medium was 9.87 (mg/g) and increased 1.34 times in the liquid medium (13.23 mg/g). In solid culture, the contents of ginsenosides Rb, Re and Rg1 were 2.14, 3.65 and 1.87 mg/g, respectively. In liquid culture, the contents of ginsenosides Rb, Re and Rg1 were 3.54, 4.12 and 2.63 mg/g, respectively.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.158-164
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• 2018

Background: The study was carried out to assess the genetic variability present in ashwagandha and to examine the nature of associations of various traits to the root yield of the plant. Methods: Fifty-three diverse genetic stocks of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) were evaluated for 14 quantitative characteristics. Analysis of variance, correlation, and path coefficient analysis were performed using the mean data of 2 years. Results: Analysis of variance revealed that the genotypes differed significantly for all characteristics studied. High heritability in conjunction with high genetic advance was observed for fresh root weight, 12 deoxywithastramonolide in roots, and plant height, which indicated that selection could be effective for these traits. Dry root weight has a tight linkage with plant height and fresh root weight. Further, in path coefficient analysis, fresh root weight, total alkaloid (%) in leaves, and 12 deoxywithastramonolide (%) in roots had the highest positive direct effect on dry root weight. Conclusion: Therefore, these characteristics can be exploited to improve dry root weight in ashwagandha genotypes and there is also scope for the selection of promising and specific chemotypes (based on the alkaloid content) from the present germplasm.