• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.138-141
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• 2007

Good quality seedlings produced in the seedbed of Yangjik, traditional seedling cultivation, is one of the most important factors in determining the yield and quality of $4{\sim}6-year-old$ ginseng. This study was carried out to substitute Yacto, traditional organic fertilizer, for economical compost in the cultivation of seedling by fertilizing relatively little amount of compost into seedbed soil. Bulk density and solid phase were decreased in physical properties of seedbed soil, while air phase and porosity were increased by more addition of compost. When the amount of applied compost in seedbed soil was above $8{\ell}$ per Kan, the contents of nutrient were exceeded the range of optimal standard for ginseng cultivation. Chlorophyll content and stem length were increased by more addition of compost, while the length and the width of leaves showed the highest value at the application level of $8{\ell}$ per Kan. Heat injury was also increased distinctly above the application level of $8{\ell}$ per Kan. The number of first grade seedlings and usable seedlings, and fresh root weight per plant showed the peak at application level of $8{\ell}$ per Kan, respectively. Fertilizing the compost of $8{\ell}$ per Kan into seedbed soil was the optimal amount for producing the good quality seedlings.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.206-210
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• 1982

pH, 유기산(有機酸), ascorbic acid 및 자외선조사(紫外線照射)가 홍삼갈색화반응촉진(紅蔘褐色化反應促進)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)하였다. 홍삼(紅蔘)의 갈색화반응(褐色化反應)은 약(弱) alkali성(性) 범위(範圍)에서 갈변(褐變)이 촉진(促進)되는 경향(傾向)을 보였으며 citric acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid등(等)의 유기산(有機酸) 첨가(添加)도 홍삼(紅蔘)의 갈변반응(褐變反應)을 촉진(促進)하였다. Fumalic acid의 단독첨가(單獨添加)는 홍삼(紅蔘)의 갈색화반응(褐色化反應)을 촉진(促進)하였으나 glucose, glutamic acid , $glucose{\times}glutamic$ acid의 혼합처리(混合處理)는 갈변(褐變)을 저하(低下)시켰다. 0.1M 이상(以上)의 ascorbic acid 처리(處理)는 홍삼갈색화반응(紅蔘褐色化反應)에 아주 큰 촉진효과(促進效果)가 있었으며 동시(同時)에 양질홍삼(良質紅蔘)의 특유(特有)한 색상(色相)인 홍색도(紅色度)도 크게 증대(增大)되었다. 자외선조사(紫外線照射)는 홍삼건조(紅蔘乾燥) 초기(初期)에는 갈변(褐變)을 상당히 촉진(促進)하였으나 그 이후(以後)에는 갈색도(褐色度)가 감소(減少)되었다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.291-295
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• 2007

본 연구는 비누수 해가림 재배가 인삼 생육 및 품질에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 인삼의 차광재료를 비누수 해가림과 차광망을 이용하여 실험하였던 바, 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 차광재료에 따른 맑은 날의 광량은 비누수해가림이 차광망에 비하여 낮은 경향이었고, 온도는 비누수해가림이 차광망에 비하여 $3{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ 낮게 나타났다. 2. 차광재료에 따른 3, 4, 5년근 인삼의 생존본수는 비누수해가림에 비하여 차광망이 낮게 나타났다. 3. 차광재료에 따른 인삼의 경태는 비누수해가림에서 증가하였고, 생근중도 비누수해가림이 차광망에 비하여 3년근에서는 5.0 g, 4년근에서는 10 g, 5년근에서는 8 g 높았다. 4. 차광재료에 따른 3, 4, 5년근 모두 수삼의 수량은 비누수해가림이 차광망보다 훨씬 높게 나타났다. 5. 차광재료별 3, 4, 5년근 수삼의 크기는 비누수해가림이 차광망에 비하여 대편이 많이 분포하였으며, 진세노사이드 함량도 비누수해가림이 차광망에 비해서 높았다

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.277-283
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• 2016

Background: The photosynthetic efficiency cool-season, semi-shade ginseng is normal at low morning temperatures, but drops at high afternoon temperatures. Therefore, optimal plant performance would be ensured if it were possible to control daily light transmission rates (LTR). Methods and Results: Plants were grown in a controlled light environment that replicated 11 AM conditions and comparatively analyzed against plant grown under normal conditions. Growth in the controlled light environment resulted in a 2.81 fold increase in photosynthetic efficiency with no change in chlorophyll content, although LTR were high due to low morning temperatures. Increased aerial plant growth was observed in the ginseng plants adapted to the controlled light environment, which in turn influenced root weight. An 81% increase in fresh root weight (33.3 g per plant on average) was observed in 4-year-old ginseng plants grown in controlled light environment compared to the plants grown following conventional practices (18.4 g per plant on average). With regard to the inorganic composition of leaves of 4-year-old ginseng plants grown in controlled light environment, an increased in Fe content was observed, while Mn and Zn content decreased, and total ginsenoside content of roots increased 2.37 fold. Conclusions: Growth of ginseng under a favorable light environment, such as the condition which exist naturally at 11 AM and are suitable for the plant's photosynthetic activity creates the possibility of large scale production, excellent-quality ginseng.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.610-617
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• 2016

흑삼은 고기능성 신규 인삼제품으로 높은 관심의 대상이 되고 있지만, 흑삼제조와 관련된 기초 연구는 아직 미미한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 원료삼의 외형적 특성이 흑삼제품의 품질에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위하여 동일지역, 동일시기에 수확된 5년근 수삼을 시중에서 구입한 후, 크기별(중, 대, 특대) 또는 형태별(직삼, 난발삼)로 분류하고, 흑삼 제조시의 수율과 당류, 폴리페놀 및 진세노사이드 등 주요 이화학적 성분 및 항산화 활성을 비교하였다. 원료삼의 크기별 이화학적 특성을 살펴본 결과, 흑삼의 산성다당체, 흑삼특이 미량 진세노사이드인 Rk3, Rh4, Rg5, Rk1의 함량은 크기등급 L에서 다소 높았으나, 전체적으로 원료삼의 크기에 따른 흑삼의 이화학적 특성은 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 원료삼의 형태에 따른 흑삼의 이화학적 특성 분석결과에서는 난발삼의 산성다당체, 흑삼 특이 미량 진세노사이드인 Rk3, Rh4, Rg5, Rk1의 함량이 직삼보다 다소 높은 경향을 나타내었으나, 폴리페놀 함량과 항산화 활성은 형태에 따른 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 전반적으로 흑삼 제조 시 원료삼의 크기는 흑삼품질에 큰 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 판단되었으나, 원료삼의 형태는 주요 활성성분인 산성다당체, 진세노사이드 함량에 다소 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구결과는 고품질 흑삼제조를 위한 기초자료로 활용 가능할 것이라 기대된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.124-134
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• 2013

The authentication of the physico-chemical properties of ginsenosides reference materials as well as qualitative and quantitative batch analytical data based on validated analytical procedures is a prerequisite for certifying good manufacturing practice (GMP). Ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1, representing protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol ginsenosides, respectively, are accepted as marker substances in quality control standards worldwide. However, the current analytical methods for these two compounds recommended by Korean, Chinese, European, and Japanese pharmacopoeia do not apply to red ginseng preparations, particularly the extract, because of the relatively low content of the two agents in red ginseng compared to white ginseng. In manufacturing fresh ginseng into red ginseng products, ginseng roots are exposed to a high temperature for many hours, and the naturally occurring ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 are converted to artifact ginsenosides such as Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, and Rh2 during the heating process. The analysis of ginsenosides in commercially available ginseng products in Korea led us to propose the inclusion of the (20S)- and (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3, including ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1, as additional reference materials for ginseng preparations. (20S)- and (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 were isolated by Diaion HP-20 adsorption chromatography, silica gel flash chromatography, recrystallization, and preparative HPLC. HPLC fractions corresponding to those two ginsenosides were recrystallized in appropriate solvents for the analysis of physico-chemical properties. Documentation of those isolated ginsenosides was achieved according to the method proposed by Gaedcke and Steinhoff. The ginsenosides were subjected to analyses of their general characteristics, identification, purity, content quantification, and mass balance tests. The isolated ginsenosides showed 100% purity when determined by the three HPLC systems. Also, the water content was found to be 0.534% for (20S)-Rg3 and 0.920% for (20R)-Rg3, meaning that the net mass balances for (20S)-Rg3 and (20R)-Rg3 were 99.466% and 99.080%, respectively. From these results, we could assess and propose a full spectrum of physico-chemical properties of (20S)- and (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 as standard reference materials for GMP-based quality control.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.184-189
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• 2012

This study was carried out to have the basic and applied informations relating to increase the productivity and quality of ginseng. 2 years-old ginseng was cultivated under hydroponic culture with the controlled environment conditions in a greenhouse. Major growth characters and yields were investigated with two different temperatures and several growth stages. The plant height and stem diameter were higher at low temperature than those at high temperature. They were not clearly different with six different growth stages. The root length was not clearly different between two temperatures; however it was continuously grown from June until August. The root diameter was higher at low temperature than that at high temperature. It was rapidly increased from June until August. The length, width, and area of leaf were higher at low temperature than those at high temperature. The fresh and dry weights of different plant tissues were also heavier at low temperature than those at high temperature. The moisture content of ginseng root was continuously decreased from June until August. The yield of ginseng was higher at low temperature compared to that at high temperature. The cultivating conditions in hydroponic culture of ginseng, especially temperature, would be an important factor to have better growth and production.

• 기술혁신학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.408-423
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• 2013

창조와 혁신이 성공의 중요한 키워드로 대두되면서 창의적 문제해결 방법론인 트리즈(TRIZ)에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있다. 지금까지 트리즈는 전자 및 기계분야에 도입되어 제품혁신의 원동력으로 활용되고 있어, 본 연구에서는 미래유망기술인 바이오분야에 트리즈 기법을 적용하여 문제를 해결하고 혁신적인 연구개발을 추진할 수 있는지의 가능성을 타진해보고자 하였다. 바이오분야 연구 중 홍삼제조과정에서 발생하는 문제를 선정하고, 이의 문제와 문제원인 구분 및 모순을 도출하고 트리즈의 발명 40가지 원리를 적용하여 홍삼 제조과정에서 발생되는 갈라짐 문제를 해결하고자 하였다. 홍삼은 수삼을 스팀 등의 방법으로 쪄서 익혀 말린 담갈색의 인삼으로, 홍삼의 갈라짐은 유효성분의 유출과 외형등급 하락으로 상품성을 떨어트리는 주요 원인이 된다. 트리즈 툴(Tool) 중 모순 매트릭스 및 브레인스토밍을 통해 적용 가능한 발명원리를 도출하고, 실험을 통해 홍삼 제조과정에서 갈라짐을 방지할 수 있는 유용한 방법들을 제안하였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.1023-1030
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• 2012

Contents of ginsenosides 7 subordinations of two-year ginseng (fresh ginseng) is 1.27% and three-year ginseng is 2.09%, so the three-year ginseng root increased 64.9% compared to the two-year root. Compared with the comparison group, ginsenosides component content of KEM+SAF-applied group increased 24% in case of the two-year root and 20% in case of the three-year root. In vitamin C content, two-year root showed 59.4% higher and three-year root showed 37.7% higher in KEM+SAF applied group compared with the comparison group. In case of vitamin E, the two-year root indicated 5.6% higher and three-year root indicated 1.5% higher in KEM+SAF applied group compared with the comparison group, but there is no significant difference. In phytosterol three components (campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol), two-year root showed 25.3, 3.6, 14.1% higher for each, and three-year root showed 23.6, 6.8, 12.9% higher in KEM+SAF applied group and 14.4% was higher on average. In DPPH, two-year root indicated 34.4% higher and three-year root indicated 42.4% higher in KEM+SAF applied group compared to the comparison group. To sum up the results, KEM+SAF applied group showed (1)22% ginsenosides components content, (2)48.6% vitamin C content, (3)3.6% vitamin E content, (4)14.4% phytosterol content, (5)38.4% DPPH higher averagely compared to the comparison group.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.210-216
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• 2014

The average and maximum temperature were $29.5^{\circ}C$ and $33.2^{\circ}C$ at 2:00 p.m. respectively, in the plastic-film house covered with shade net, and both of temperature were lower $0.6^{\circ}C$ and $1.3^{\circ}C$ than those of conventional shade. Light transmittance was 14% in the plastic-film house, while 9.9% in conventional shade during growing season from May to October. Withering time of aboveground part was on October 3rd in conventional shade with 60% of withering leaf, while it was on November 10th with 3.7% of withering leaf in the plastic-film house, about 40 days longer survival. The main disease incidence were 15% of anthracnose, 17% of leaf spot, 5% of phytophthora blight and 3% of gray mold in the conventional shade, while 0 ~ 0.1% disease incidence and 95% of emergence rate in the plastic-film house. The growth in the aboveground and underground part of ginseng was totally better, particularly characteristics affecting yield such as root length, main root length and diameter in the plastic-film house. The fresh weight was increased by 128% compared to the conventional shade and harvested roots per $3.3m^2$ were 36 roots in the conventional shade and 58 roots in the plastic-film house and futhermore yield per $3.3m^2$ was increased by 216% compared to the conventional shade. As covering materials, the rice straw in the plastic-film house was excellent. The ginsenoside contents affecting the quality of ginseng were higher in the plastic-film house indicating 0.333% of Rg1, 0.672% of Rb1, 0.730% of Rc and rate of red rusty root was less than 4.0 ~ 6.1%. Above the results, the quality of ginseng grown in the plastic-film house covered with shade net was improved than that of the conventional shade.