• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
• /
• v.21 no.6
• /
• pp.552-558
• /
• 2002

Recently, based on the human speech recognition (HSR) model of Fletcher, the multi-band speech recognition has been intensively studied by many researchers. As a new automatic speech recognition (ASR) technique, the multi-band speech recognition splits the frequency domain into several sub-bands and recognizes each sub-band independently. The likelihood scores of sub-bands are weighted according to reliabilities of sub-bands and re-combined to make a final decision. This approach is known to be robust under noisy environments. When the noise is stationary a sub-band SNR can be estimated using the noise information in non-speech interval. However, if the noise is non-stationary it is not feasible to obtain the sub-band SNR. This paper proposes the inverse sub-band distance (ISD) weighting, where a distance of each sub-band is calculated by a stochastic matching of input feature vectors and hidden Markov models. The inverse distance is used as a sub-band weight. Experiments on 1500∼1800㎐ band-limited white noise and classical guitar sound revealed that the proposed method could represent the sub-band reliability effectively and improve the performance under both stationary and non-stationary band-limited noise environments.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.14-22
• /
• 1996

This study aims to look at main problems of visiting the clinic, diagnoses and other related factors of outpatients in a private psychiatric clinic f3r children and adolescents located in Seoul. The analyses were based on the reports of 2,785 patients who were 18 years old and less, and visited the clinic during last 4 years. The results showed that the ratio of boys to girls was 2.7 to 1, and about 64% of the whole sample were 6 years old and less. Especially the percentage of patients aged 3 and less was the highest and that of schoolage and more was gradually reduced. The average number of siblings was 195 and the percentage of the first child in a family was the highest. Particularly, there were more boys in rase of one child families and more girls in case of families with 3 children and more. The chief problems were mainly language-deficit, hyperactivity, autistic behaviour, tic, aggressive behavior and academic problem. The higher frequency of diagnoses was in the order of parent-child problem, mental retardation, developmental language disorder, reactive attachment disorder, other emotional disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder. The more frequently used method fir treatments was in the sequence of psychotherapy, play therapy, parental counseling, occupational therapy and speech therapy. The results from this study were compared with those from other studies and discussed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.254-263
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study is to verify whether there is a mediating effect of social integration in the relationship between the elderly's change of life and satisfaction of care service through the 'Donation Bank of Social Contribution Activities'. The ultimate aim is to improve social values and the quality of life of the senior citizens. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, a survey was conducted focusing on senior citizens using care services from 50 institutions performing Care Bank activities and data of 434 people were finally used for analysis. For the analysis method, frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were applied by using SPSS 25 package program. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the life changes of caring elderly had a significant effect on satisfaction of care service. In addition, the social integration had a statistically significant mediating effect on the relationship between the elderly's change of life and satisfaction with care service. Based on these findings, practical and policy alternatives were discussed to improve the quality of life of senior citizens, and to enhance social integration and satisfaction with care services.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.821-830
• /
• 2017

The internet is an important infra resource that it controls the economy and society of our country. Also, it is providing convenience and efficiency of the everyday life. But, a case of various are occurred through an using vulnerability of an internet infra resource. Recently various attacks of unknown to the user are an increasing trend. Also, currently system of security control is focussing on patterns for detecting attacks. However, internet threats are consistently increasing by intelligent and advanced various attacks. In recent, the darknet is received attention to research for detecting unknown attacks. Since the darknet means a set of unused IP addresses, no real systems connected to the darknet. In this paper, we proposed an algorithm for finding black IPs through collected the darknet traffic based on a statistics data of port information. The proposed method prepared 8,192 darknet space and collected the darknet traffic during 3 months. It collected total 827,254,121 during 3 months of 2016. Applied results of the proposed algorithm, black IPs are June 19, July 21, and August 17. In this paper, results by analysis identify to detect frequency of black IPs and find new black IPs of caused potential cyber threats.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.155-167
• /
• 2015

This study aims to examine the knowledge level of culinary staff members regarding the restaurant country- oforigin labeling system by developing a scale to investigate and evaluate such knowledge levels. The empirical study targeted culinary staff members with over 7 years of experience in 10 luxury hotels in Seoul who were approached through the convenience sampling method, which was conducted for 14 days from November 14th to 27th, 2014. A total of 192 self-administered questionnaires were collected, of which 186 questionnaires(93%) were used for the final analysis. For investigation and analysis, a frequency analysis was carried out to look into population statistics and the level of knowledge using the SPSS 18.0 statistics program. One-way ANOVA and t-test were carried out to investigate differences in knowledge levels of restaurant country-of-origin labeling system with reference to academic background, job position, and hotel management type. As the result, the average correct answer rate of the culinary staff members for a total of 21 questions was 39.85% and there were no significant differences based on the academic background. However, the correct answer rate was higher for respondents that held high positions and had independently managed hotels, suggesting that knowledge varied depending on job position and management type. In conclusion, it is suggested that in order to improve the level of knowledge of the restaurant country-of-origin labeling system among culinary staff members there is a need to enhance training and continuous supervision to apply the knowledge to work in future. In addition to this, this study discussed the limits of the study and the orientation of further research.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
• /
• v.54 no.4
• /
• pp.68-74
• /
• 2017

This paper presents a joint demosaicking and arbitrary-ratio down sampling algorithm for color filter array (CFA) images. Color demosaiking is a necessary part of image signal processing pipeline for many types of digital image recording system using single sensor. Also, such as smart phone, obtained high resolution image from image sensor has to be down-sampled to be displayed on the screen. The conventional solution is "Demosaicking first and down sampling later". However, this scheme requires a significant amount of memory and computational cost. Also, artifacts can be introduced or details get damaged during demosaicking and down sampling process. In this paper, we propose a method in which demosaicking and down sampling are working simultaneously. We use inverse mapping of Bayer CFA and then joint demosaicking and down sampling with arbitrary-ratio scheme based on signal decomposition of high and low frequency component in input data. Experimental results show that our proposed algorithm has better image quality performance and much less computational cost than those of conventional solution.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
• /
• v.29 no.6
• /
• pp.286-304
• /
• 2017

In this study, we proposed a new-type of circular perforated caisson breakwater consisting of a bundle of latticed blocks that can be applied to a small port such as a fishing port, and numerically investigated the hydraulic characteristics of the breakwater. The numerical method used in this study is OLAFOAM which newly added wave generation module, porous media analysis module and reflected wave control module based on OpenFOAM that is open source CFD software published under the GPL license. To investigate the applicability of OLAFOAM, the variations of wave pressure acting on the three-dimensional slit caisson were compared to the previous experimental results under the regular wave conditions, and then the performance for irregular waves was examined from the reproducibility of the target irregular waves and frequency spectrum analysis. As a result, a series of numerical simulations for the new-type of circular perforated caisson breakwaters, which is similar to slit caisson breakwater, was carried out under the irregular wave actions. The hydraulic characteristics of the breakwater such as wave overtopping, reflection, and wave pressure distribution were carefully investigated respect to the significant wave height and period, the wave chamber width, and the interconnectivity between them. The numerical results revealed that the wave pressure acting on the new-type of circular perforated caisson breakwaters was considerably smaller than the result of the impermeable vertical wall computed by the Goda equation. Also, the reflection of the new-type caisson breakwater was similar to the variation range of the reflection coefficient of the existing slit caisson breakwater.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.63-79
• /
• 2007

Objectives : Korean traditional acupuncture Theory, Sa-am's 5 phases acupuncture method was originated in 1644-1742, in the middle of the Cho Sun dynasty. This study was to verify the effect of Sa-am Acupuncture Treatment on dysmenorrhea of Women. Methods : The subjects were 49 volunteers who were suffering for dysmenorrhea, employed using Measure of Menstrual Pain (MMP) questionnaire. Subjects were divided into two groups including Sa-am acupuncture treatment group(n=23) and minimal acupuncture treatment group(n=26). They had agreed to take part in tIris experiment, with didn't take any anodyne drugs. In the acupuncture group, subjects were stimulated at $GB_{41}$, $SI_3$, $GL_{66}$, $SI_2$(Small intestine jung-guk) and $SP_6$. In the control group, subjects were needled at $L_{10}$, $S_{40}$, $P_5$, $G_{40}$ points have any effect on dysmenorrhea. A total of 5 acupuncture sessions were performed for each patient depending on the individual menstruation cycle. The MMP score by using 7 questions and the Menstrual Symptom Severity List(MSSL-D) were measured before and after menstruation cycle. Collected data were analyzed as frequency, percentage, paired t-test, independent t-test using SPSS 10.0 WIN Program. Results : Acupuncture treatment produced a significant improvement on dysmenorrhea in two groups, but a statistically significant difference was not shown in the acupuncture group compare to control group. Conclusions : Based on the above results, it was verified that Acupuncture Treatment was effective in decreasing the symptom of Dysmenorrhea.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.327-333
• /
• 2013

Background: Antihistamine and anti-allergy medications are widely used during pregnancy. Reading label information is one of the easiest ways to get safety information. But there are content gaps among countries. Objective: To compare the risk level and the recommendation level of antihistamine/anti-allergy drug's label information in pregnant women among Korea, the USA, the UK, and Japan. Method: Study drugs of antihistamine/anti-allergy medications were selected according to Korea drug classification codes. Based on the label information of selected product, risk level was classified into 5 categories as follows: 'Definite', 'Probable', 'Possible', and 'Unlikely', 'Unclassified' according to the level of evidence. Recommendation level was classified into 4 categories as follows: 'Contraindicated', 'Cautious', 'Compatible', and 'Unclassified'. Frequency and proportion were presented according to the each category. To estimate agreement of each category among 4 countries, percent agreement and kappa (k) coefficient were calculated. Results: Total 13 drug ingredients were selected for antihistamine/anti-allergy medications. In risk level, Korea (46%) and Japan (69%) were mostly classified in the category of 'Unclassified', but 'Unlikely' category was more frequent in the UK (62%) and the USA (46%). In recommendation level, the proportion of 'Contraindicated' was highest in Korea (46%) compared to other countries. In contrast, the category of 'Cautious' was 77%-85% in the USA, the UK, and Japan. The percent agreement for risk level was highest in the USA-UK (54%). The recommendation level of Korea-USA showed lowest agreement for percent agreement (46%) and kappa coefficient (k=0.02). Conclusion: We confirmed the differences among safety information provided by four different countries. 'Contraindicated' was more likely in Korea compared with other countries.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.263-270
• /
• 2019

Background: The gelada baboon, Theropithecus gelada Ruppell, 1835, is an endemic primate of the central and western highlands of Ethiopia occurring between altitudes of 1800-4400 m. Variability in activity time budget between the two gelada social units, i.e., one-male units (OMUs) and all-male units (AMUs), has not been studied previously. Thus, the present study was an effort to understand intra- and inter-variations in group size and daily activity time budget in gelada baboon OMUs and AMUs at Guassa Community Conservation Area, Central Ethiopia. The instantaneous sampling method was used in the data collection. Results: Both OMU and AMU groups allocated more time for feeding (OMUs = 36.96%; AMUs = 35%) followed by moving (OMU = 25.8%; AMUs = 27%). Grooming was the most frequent social activity in both family groups (OMUs = 8.56%; AMUs = 11.81%). OMUs and AMUs did not show significant variation between themselves in the time budget and temporal distribution of their daily activities. However, the overall variation in the time budget allocated for daily activities within OMUs and AMUs was statistically significant (p < 0.05%). The different age and sex groups in OMUs (i.e., immature, sub-adult females, subordinate males, adult females, and alpha males) showed statistically significant variation in their time budget allocation for the daily activities (p < 0.05) except for feeding and moving. Alpha males had the highest proportion of resting (32.14%) and aggression (31.92%). Immature individuals were responsible for > 90% of the time budget recorded for playing while adult females showed the highest frequency of grooming. Group size of OMUs ranged between 5 and 15 individuals (mean ± SD = 11.25 ± 1.95). Adult females comprised the highest number within OMUs (mean = 4.5) followed by immature individuals (mean = 3). The group size of AMUs ranged from 4 to 8 (mean ± SD = 6.6 ± 1.5). Conclusion: Our results showed that the gelada baboon spent less time on foraging compared to previous studies at the Simien Mountains and Debre-Libanos area. We suggested this variation could be explained based on higher forage quality at Guassa Community Conservation Area resulting from better conservation of the habitat.