• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.1-17
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• 2017

Purposes: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that requires continuous care in order to prevent complications, as it can impose a critical burden on families and society due to various complications, including terminal renal failure, non-traumatic lower extremity amputation, and adult blindness. The usual sources of care are "specified private clinics, public health centers, or other facilities to visit when ill or when health-related advice is needed". These usual sources of care offer preventative services, have a high overall satisfaction rate in terms of public health care, and decrease the inpatient rates and medical costs of medical aid recipients. This study analyzed the current status of diabetic patients over 20 years of age based on their possession of a usual source of care, and the effects of this possession on the frequency of their medical service usage and its costs. Methodology: Based on data from the 7th Korea Health Panel, a Tobit analysis was used to analyze the different factors that can affect the frequency of medical service usage and its costs for diabetic patients with and without a usual source of care. Findings: The medical costs of diabetic patients with a usual source of care decreased in terms of inpatient, and the outpatient visits and inpatient costs of the group with a usual source of care in the form of a mainly-visiting doctor decreased more than those of the group with a mainly-visiting medical institution only. Practical Implications: Having a usual source of care can increase the treatment continuity, leading to reduced inpatient, and having a mainly-visiting doctor as the usual source of care further increases the treatment continuity. Based on these results, a new policy is needed to increase and strengthen diabetic patients? possession of a usual source of care.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.519-525
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• 2016

Background: The objective of this study was to report the types and relative frequency of oral malignancies and precancer in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia during the period 2009-2014. Materials and Methods: Pathology reports were retrieved from the archives of Histopathology Department, King Fahd hospital in Jazan. Demographic data on tobacco habits, clinical presentation and histologic grading of oral precancer and cancer cases were transcribed from the files. Results: 303 (42.7%) oral pre-malignant and malignant cases were found out of 714 oral biopsy lesions. A pathology diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma (85.1%) was most frequent, followed by premalignant lesions/epithelial dysplasia (8.6%), verrucous carcinoma (3.3%) and malignancy of other histological types (3%) such as ameloblastic carcinoma, salivary gland malignancy and sarcomas. Oral squamous cell carcinoma was predominant in females with a male to female ratio of 1:1.9. Patient age ranged from 22 to 100 years with a mean of $65{\pm}13.9$. Almost 44.6% of oral cancer had occurred after 65 years of age. Only 16.3% cases were reported in patients younger than 50 years, predominantly females. The majority of female patients had the habit of using shammah with a long duration of usage for more than 45 years. Buccoalveolar mucosa (52.3%) was the common site of involvement followed by tongue/floor of the mouth (47.7%) and clinically presented mostly as ulceration/swelling clinically. Moderately differentiated tumours (53.9%) were common followed by well differentiated (32.2%) and poorly differentiated tumours (5.8%). The prevalence of oral verrucous carcinoma (3.3%) was comparatively low with an equal distribution in both males and females. Both bucco-alveolar mucosa and tongue were predominantly affected. Oral precancer/epithelial dysplasia (8.6%) was common in females with a shammah habit. Bucco-alveolar mucosa was commonly involved and clinically presented mostly as white/red patches. Most cases were mild followed by moderate and severe dysplasia. Tumours of other histological types (3%) include 1 ameloblastic carcinoma, 3 malignant salivary gland tumours and 5 sarcomas. Conclusions: In this study, it was found that oral cancers reported in the pathology service to be a common occurrence. This study reconfirms previous reports of the high burden of oral cancer in this population This indicates that conventional preventive programs focused on oral cancer are in need of revision. In addition, further research into identifying new risk factors and molecular markers for oral cancer are needed for screening high risk individuals.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.407-412
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the effect of powered toothbrush with a wireless remote display on the subjective and objective oral hygiene improvement. Methods: One hundred and fifteen subjects in healthy or mild gingivitis status between the ages of 20 and 90 were recruited and reviewed for study inclusion criteria. At first visit, 115 pre-screened subjects filled in the questionnaire form which consisted of demographic factors, behavioral factors (smoking, alcohol consumption), toothbrushing habits (brushing time and frequency), self-reported oral health status, and self-satisfaction. Baseline clinical indices (Plaque index, Gingival index) were also recorded by a periodontist. Subjects were instructed how to use powered toothbrush with a wireless remote display, and were provided with it. Thirty days after first visit, 90 subjects returned for the second assessment by self-reported questionnaire form and professional clinical checkup. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t-test for the difference between baseline and second visit data. The relationship among variables was examined with chi-square test and Fisher' s exact test. Results: Significant differences were not found on self-reported satisfaction related with sex, smoking, alcohol consumption (P<0.05). Self-reported tooth brushing habit was improved in the aspect of brushing time and frequency. Significant differences were found on the self-reported oral health status, self-satisfaction, and clinical indices between the baseline and second visit data (P<0.01). Clinical indices were significantly reduced after using powered toothbrush with a wireless remote display (P<0.01). No adverse reactions were reported during the study period. Conclusions: Powered toothbrush with a wireless remote display successfully promoted oral hygiene from the subjective and objective viewpoint after 30 days of home usage.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2 s.30
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• pp.79-99
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• 1995

The survey was done on 30 cases of obese patients who were treated by fasting therapy in the Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine, oriental medical hospital in Won Kwang University from May 1995 to August 1995. The results are as follows: 1. The ratio of females to males was 1:14. The distribution was 20th decades (63%), 30th decade(13%), 10th decade(6.7%), and 40th decade(6.7%). 2. In the age of obese-prevalence, the middle to high school years was the highest number as 12 persons(40%). The 20th decade(23.3%) and 30th decade(13.3%) were the second and third highest frequency of subjects. 3. In the obesity index, 150% of ideal weight was the highest percentage with persons(40%). 120-129%(30%), 130-139%(23.3%) and 140-149%(6.7%) were in order of frequency. 4. In the family histories of obese patients, it was found that hypertension had a high incidence of 8 persons. Other evidences of family histories were DM (7), cancer (3) and CVD (2). In hereditary tendency of obese parents, it was known that hereditary tendency of obese mothers was high at 14 persons, that of obese fathers was 5 persons, and that of obese parents was 2 persons. 5. In identifying the cause of obesity, it was found that changes of diet patterns was high at 24 persons(80%). Pregnancy, birth and diseases were in order of cause. 6. The review of consumption showed that obese patients ate the same amount as non-obese persons in the case of 21 patients(70%), 8 patients(26.7%) ate more than non-obese persons and 1 person(3.3%) ate less than persons of the same ages. 7. Obese patients consumption of daily snacks was 10 persons(33%). 17 person(57%) of the obese patients ate midnight snacks every 3-4 days. 11 persons(37%) of the obese patients ate out every 3 - 4 days. 8. For the purpose of weight reduction, 15 patients(50%) used exercise. Fasting therapy(36.7%) and food restriction(33.3%) were the second and third methods used by obese patients. 9. In the relation of constitution medicine usage with obese patients, TAE-EUM-IN was 14 persons(46.7%), SO-EUM-IN was 11 persons(36.7%), and SO-YANG-IN was 5 persons(l6.7%).

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 2016

Current cities encounter various types of water problems due to rapid urbanization and climate change. The increasing significance of urban water problems calls for the establishment of resilient alternatives to prevent and minimize social loss that results from these phenomena. As a background research for establishing resilient infrastructures for the mitigation of urban water problems, we evaluated the robustness of structural alternatives for urban flood as a representative case. Combining the robustness index (RI) and the cost index (CI), we suggested the robustness-cost index (RCI) as an indicator of the robustness of structural alternatives, and applied the index to assess the existing infrastructures and structural alternatives (i.e., sewer network expansion, additional storage tank construction, and green roof construction) at a site prone to floods located around Gangnam-station, Seoul, Korea. At a rainfall intensity frequency range of 2 to 20 years, the usage of a storage tank and a green roof showed relatively high RCI value, with a variation of an alternative showing greater RCI between the two depending on the size of design rainfall. For a rainfall intensity frequency of 30 years, installing a storage tank with some green roofing was the most resilient alternative based on the RCI value. We proposed strategies for establishing resilient infrastructures for the mitigation of urban floods by evaluating the robustness of existing infrastructures and selecting optimal structural alternatives with the consideration of scales of design disaster.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.83 no.6
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• pp.1259-1272
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• 2022

Purpose As part of ongoing efforts to improve the current e-learning center, a survey was conducted regarding user experience and satisfaction to identify areas of improvement. Materials and Methods Radiologists (n = 454/617) and radiology residents (n = 163/617) of the Korean Society of Radiology were asked to answer a survey via email. The questionnaire asked for basic user information as well as user experiences relating to the e-learning center, such as workplace, frequency of use, overall satisfaction levels, reasons for satisfaction or dissatisfaction, and other suggestions for improvement. Results Annual members and all members of the e-learning center reported above average satisfaction levels of 67% and 42%, respectively. Approximately 30% of respondents viewed e-learning center lectures more than 5 times a month, with residents having a particularly high usage frequency. There was a high demand for additional lectures covering more diverse specialties (e-learning for annual members only: n = 28/97, e-learning for all members: n = 72/166), a smoother and more convenient searching platform/interface (n = 37/97 and n = 58/166, respectively), and regular content updates. In addition, many of the members suggested the addition of user-friendly functions such as playback speed control, a way to save viewing history, as well as requests for improved system stability. Conclusion Based on survey results, the educational committee plans to continue its efforts to improve the e-learning center by increasing the quality and quantity of available lectures, and increasing technical support to improve the stability and convenience of the e-learning digital system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.11-24
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• 2017

Although many efforts to stop speeding or inappropriate speed, it failed to reduce the number of speeding-related crashes. Therefore, it is important to analyze the characteristics of speeding offenders and the cause of speeding at hot spots. In this study, we investigate the level of severity in speeding by the characteristics of speeding offenders using the Ordered Logistics Regression Models(OLRM). For the analysis, we use the speeding data collected by 39 traffic enforcement cameras in city of Cheongju and other related data including the speeding ticket history of drivers during the most recent 3 years, their demographic characteristics, their own vehicles, and road environment factors. The major results of this study are as follows. Firstly, commercial fleet drivers are more likely to repeat the conviction of high-range speeding with more than 30km/h over speed limits than other drivers. Secondly, mid-range speeding are observed as 21,462 frequency which is 76.7% of total speeding frequency and occurred mostly at suburban and rural area. It concludes that contributory factors affecting the severity of speeding at signalized intersection are drivers' speeding offence history, posted speed limits, time of day, gender of driver, and location of the intersection as show by the OLRM developed in this study(McFadden R-square : 0.296).

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.608-614
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• 2018

In addition to the diffusion of ICT technology, various protocols of short range wireless communication technology are being applied for efficient information operation. However, due to limitations of short-range wireless communication, communication is not smooth in places where frequency environment is poor, such as frequency confusion and warehouse type factory. When an alternative is needed. The development of LED technology and expansion of infrastructure through LED based visible light communication is attracting attention as an alternative and spreading the usage in wide range now a days. In addition, the infrastructure has been expanded with solar panels in response to the development of smarthome built-in with renewable energy. In this situation, visible light communication using PD has been limitedly applied in a near environment where the receiving angle of the PD and the ambient light ensure the LoS and the influence of the ambient light is small. In order to solve this problem, we have implemented visible light communication using LED lighting with large current infrastructure and solar panel with large receiving area, and proposed a circuit for restoring accurate data even in ambient light. Through this study results, it is expected that visible light communication can be more widely used and this result used as the base data for visible light communication research using the solar panel as the receiver.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.187-198
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• 2002

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide and one of the most commonly and widely used insecticide. However, a little known about the dermal risk of chlorpyrifos on human being. Therefore, this study was conducted for the dermal risk assessment after exposure to chlorpyrifos in Korean farmers. First, skin irritation by chlorpyrifos (10 mg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 50 mg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 100 mg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 250 mg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in acetone) was determined in rabbits for 5 days considering the usage of chlorpyrifos short term highly exposure. The index of skin irritation by chlorpyrifos was increased in each dose and length of exposure dependent manners. Next, using benchmark dose (BMD$_{5}$) approach, the dose-response relationship was assessed to calculate the reference dose (RfD). The value of RfD was 2.84 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/day from 142.16 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/day BMD5 value divided uncertainty factor 50. Finally, we assessed human dermal risk of chlorpyrifos with exposure level and RfD. Skin absorbed levels were assumed with several exposure scenarios encounting the circumstances of exposure that application method, protection equipment and cloth, exposure time and exposure frequency during chlorpyrifos spraying. By the comparison of skin absorbed dose with the reference dose, it was identified that risk values (risk index) to skin chlorpyrifos exposure were 0.958 from the point of above results and it was recommended that the occurrence of hazard effect (skin irritation toxicity) of chlorpyrifos would not be expected. Risk index was smaller than 1 in the case of spraying vehicle mounted application, 1hour exposure time and wearing protective cloth exposure. Whereas, risk index was above 1 in the case of hand-held application, 2hour exposure time and wearing common cloth. Comparing two kinds of application method, total risk index of the hand held application (1.67) was higher than vehicle mounted (0.27). Therefore, chlorpyrifos skin exposure was mainly affected by application equipment and applied form. The results of risk assessment on the human dermal toxicity of chlorpyrifos should be required to control in keeping safety rules, skin surface area available for contact, spraying time ,and spraying frequency.y.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.146-161
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• 2004

There have been always some difficulties in target setting and conditioning of acoustic performances of the Korean traditional music hall due mainly to the lack of the information on the sound radiation characteristics of Korean musical sources. In this study, the radiation characteristics of four typical Korean traditional musical sources were investigated in precision and their usage was demonstrated: The selected musical sources were Gayageum (string), Daegeum (woodwind), Jango (drum), and Pansori Chang (vocal performance). Each sound source was located at the center of a semi-anechoic chamber and the directivity was determined by the measured sound pressure levels in every 10° angular position, for both vertical and horizontal directions. The directivity pattern of Gayageum varies from a uniform to a complex pattern having many side lobes with the increase of frequency. The main radiation of Daegeum is toward the upward direction. The directivity pattern of Jango is clearly a side-oriented one and the left direction intensity is sharper than its right side at low frequencies. For the Chang, the directivity pattern change from a uniform pattern to a frontally directed one as the frequency goes high. Measured directional and spectral characteristics of traditional Korean music sources were implemented into the computation of architectural acoustic measures for the Busan National Korean Traditional Music Hall which is under construction. Parameters such as RT, SPL, C80, IE, STI were calculated at two receiver positions by using a ray tracing technique. Significant differences in the acoustic measures at receiver positions were observed between the results in using the omni-directional source and the directional one. It is thought that the suggested source data and design method can be used as a basic reference in the future acoustic design of performance halls for the Korean traditional music.